Nine-nine-six work system and people’s movement patterns: Using big data sets to analyse overtime working in Shanghai

Optimizing the relationship between job autonomy and knowledge workers’ satisfaction: The roles of crafting and value congruence

“…Chinese culture with high power distance may limit the effect of job autonomy on crafting activities (Hui, Au and Fock, 2004; Sekiguchi, Li and Hosomi 2017). Chinese knowledge workers also tend to have long working days (Xiao, Silva and Zhang 2020) and thus have less time and energy for crafting. Hence, it is plausible to view China as a limit case, with our findings being more salient still in cultures with low power distance and shorter working hours.…”

“…This might be due to today's demanding and uncertain work environment, which 'does not allow employees to realize the full potential of leisure crafting' (Petrou and Bakker 2015, 19). We believe that this may be especially true of knowledge workers in Chinese organizations, where work hours are commonly very long (Xiao, Silva and Zhang 2020). It is also possible that the survey participants may have different understandings of their leisure experiences (Kuykendall, Tay and Ng 2015), which may demand a more valid measure of leisure satisfaction.…”

“…For instance, knowledge workers might be encouraged to consistently reflect on their own values and those of the organization, and craft or even change the meaning of their work to improve value congruence. They should also be afforded more time and freedom for their crafting activities, especially in rapidly developing economies like China, in which working overtime is very common (Xiao, Silva and Zhang 2020).…”

“…There is some evidence that leisure crafting may be particularly important for knowledge workers since they are more inclined to seek personal growth and socialization in leisure time (Natti, Anttila and Tammelin 2012). It is more important for knowledge workers in growing economies such as China who need to better manage their leisure activities due to high overtime and, thus, more limited leisure time (Xiao, Silva and Zhang 2020).…”

Does Co-worker Presenteeism Increase Innovative Behavior? Evidence From IT Professionals Under the 996 Work Regime in China

“…The 996 work regime has become a default corporate culture in IT companies over recent years and is sometimes mandatory. The rule has been adopted by many other well-known Chinese IT companies, such as Alibaba, Tencent and Jingdong ( Xiao et al, 2020 ). The term originated from a project called ‘996ICU’, which was uploaded to GitHub by a software programmer on 27 March 2019 as an act of protest.…”