NIMBY oder IMBY Akzeptanz, Freiwilligkeit und Kompensationen in der Standortsuche für die Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle

In Whose Backyard? The Wicked Problem of Siting Nuclear Waste Repositories

“…3 There is also a strand of literature that in the 1990s specifically engaged with NIMBY opposition to nuclear power and the siting of toxic or nuclear waste repositories, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom (Kemp, 1990;Kraft & Clary, 1991). Following the critique of Luloff, Albrecht and Bourke (1998) and Wolsink (2006) who claimed that many authors use the term NIMBY without a clear definition, empirical support or conceptual understanding, we argue that NIMBY has become a label that is used regularly and falsely as a synonym for local opposition, regardless of the reasons for the rejection of a large-scale project (Di Nucci, 2016).…”

“…Compensation does not need to be purely financial (Claro, 2007). Designated sites and their surrounding municipalities can also be offered improved or new infrastructure (i.e., construction of roads, swimming pools or cultural centers), fiscal incentives and the provision of public goods or labor market policies for the development of the region (Di Nucci, 2016). How can such monetary and non-monetary measures be justified?…”

“…Following a standard economic approach, the optimal level of compensation would be at the intersecting point between a buyer's "willingness to pay" (WTP) and a seller's "willingness to accept" (WTA). The municipalities that voluntarily offer themselves as a site show a WTA (measured through the minimum sum that a community is willing to accept to "tolerate" something negative) which will be matched by a compensation reflecting the socalled WTP (measured as the maximum amount that society/nuclear industry is willing to make available in order to avoid a "nuisance" or-in other words-to recognize that the community is volunteering an essential "service" to the nation) (Di Nucci, 2016). Where alternative sites are possible, potential siting candidates are asked to list their desired compensation payments to "offset" burdens.…”

“…From this perspective, a repository might even be something the nuclear community could be proud of. Following the popular US series "The Simpsons," this case could be named "Springfield Syndrome" (Di Nucci, 2016). 17 The fictional community of Springfield is almost exclusively economically dependent on the nuclear activities of Mr Burns, the owner of the local NPP.…”

“…The county (Landkreis) and the municipalities concerned have received direct compensation payments and/or financial means to expanding their local hospital and sports facilities. Direct payments by the Gesellschaft f€ ur Nuklear-Service (GNS) to the county (EUR 210,000 per year), the municipality of Gorleben (around EUR 600,000 per year) and the municipality of Gartow (EUR 830,000 per year) will last until 2034 (Di Nucci, 2016). These compensation efforts were not able to prevent or soften the Gorleben protests.…”