“…Ikeda et al [40], [41] developed a visual aid to assist the mobility of patients with retinitis pigmentosa at night. Although both studies presented similar findings in darkened conditions, the device in [41] increased the performance in view size and image quality compared to [40], which also had high production costs.…”
Section: B Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ikeda et al [40], [41] developed a visual aid to assist the mobility of patients with retinitis pigmentosa at night. Although both studies presented similar findings in darkened conditions, the device in [41] increased the performance in view size and image quality compared to [40], which also had high production costs. Ikeda et al used in [41] a highperformance see-through display, implementing a highsensitivity camera with a complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) sensor, which reduced the production costs, making the new device available commercially.…”
Section: B Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ikeda et al used in [41] a highperformance see-through display, implementing a highsensitivity camera with a complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) sensor, which reduced the production costs, making the new device available commercially. Also, the user experiments had a sample size of 8 [40] and 28 [41] patients.…”
Wearable devices have been developed to improve the navigation of blind and visually impaired people. With technological advancements, the use and research of wearable devices have been increasing. This systematic review aimed to explore existing literature on technologies used in wearable devices intended to provide independent and safe mobility for visually impaired people. Searches were conducted in six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, ACM Digital Library and SciELO). Our systematic review included 61 studies. The results show that the majority of studies used audio information as a feedback interface and a combination of technologies for obstacle detectionespecially the integration of sensor-based and computer vision-based technologies. The findings also showed the importance of including visually impaired individuals during prototype usage testing and the need for including safety evaluation which is currently lacking. These results have important implications for developing wearable devices for the safe mobility of visually impaired people.
“…Ikeda et al [40], [41] developed a visual aid to assist the mobility of patients with retinitis pigmentosa at night. Although both studies presented similar findings in darkened conditions, the device in [41] increased the performance in view size and image quality compared to [40], which also had high production costs.…”
Section: B Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ikeda et al [40], [41] developed a visual aid to assist the mobility of patients with retinitis pigmentosa at night. Although both studies presented similar findings in darkened conditions, the device in [41] increased the performance in view size and image quality compared to [40], which also had high production costs. Ikeda et al used in [41] a highperformance see-through display, implementing a highsensitivity camera with a complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) sensor, which reduced the production costs, making the new device available commercially.…”
Section: B Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ikeda et al used in [41] a highperformance see-through display, implementing a highsensitivity camera with a complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) sensor, which reduced the production costs, making the new device available commercially. Also, the user experiments had a sample size of 8 [40] and 28 [41] patients.…”
Wearable devices have been developed to improve the navigation of blind and visually impaired people. With technological advancements, the use and research of wearable devices have been increasing. This systematic review aimed to explore existing literature on technologies used in wearable devices intended to provide independent and safe mobility for visually impaired people. Searches were conducted in six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane, ACM Digital Library and SciELO). Our systematic review included 61 studies. The results show that the majority of studies used audio information as a feedback interface and a combination of technologies for obstacle detectionespecially the integration of sensor-based and computer vision-based technologies. The findings also showed the importance of including visually impaired individuals during prototype usage testing and the need for including safety evaluation which is currently lacking. These results have important implications for developing wearable devices for the safe mobility of visually impaired people.
“…For visually impaired individuals, the Aira Assistive Technology System and night vision wearable aid were shown to significantly improve the quality of life and efficiency in daily tasks. 14,15,48,49 The Aira Assistive Technology System consists of glasses which connects the user with a live agent via a video camera. The realtime feedback and guidance from the live agent revealed a significant and positive association between the time spent using the system and subjectively reported quality of life.…”
The prominent rise of digital health in ophthalmology is evident in the current age of Industry 4.0. Despite the many facets of digital health, there has been a greater slant in interest and focus on artificial intelligence recently. Other major elements of digital health like wearables could also substantially impact patient-focused outcomes but have been relatively less explored and discussed. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate the use of non-artificial intelligence digital health tools in ophthalmology. 53 papers were included in this systematic review -25 papers discuss virtual or augmented reality, 14 discuss mobile applications and 14 discuss wearables. Most papers focused on the use of technologies to detect or rehabilitate visual impairment, glaucoma and agerelated macular degeneration. Overall, the findings on patient-focused outcomes with the adoption of these technologies are encouraging. Further validation, large-scale studies and earlier consideration of real-world barriers are warranted to enable better real-world implementation.
“…Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) comprises a group of inherited retinal degeneration states that, without effective treatment, lead to blindness [ 5 , 6 ]. Genetic mutations associated with RP have been identified in more than 90 genes, most of which are related to the function and maintenance of rod photoreceptor cells.…”
Section: Retinitis Pigmentosa and Oxidative Stressmentioning
An imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and anti-oxidant capacity results in oxidative injury to cellular components and molecules, which in turn disturbs the homeostasis of cells and organs. Although retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a hereditary disease, non-genetic biological factors including oxidative stress also modulate or contribute to the disease progression. In animal models of RP, the degenerating retina exhibits marked oxidative damage in the nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and anti-oxidant treatments substantially suppress photoreceptor cell death and microgliosis. Although the mechanisms by which oxidative stress mediates retinal degeneration have not been fully elucidated, our group has shown that oxidative DNA damage and its defense system are key regulators of microglial activation and photoreceptor degeneration in RP. In this review, we summarize the current evidence regarding oxidative stress in animal models and patients with RP. The clinical efficacy of anti-oxidant treatments for RP has not been fully established. Nevertheless, elucidating key biological processes that underlie oxidative damage in RP will be pivotal to understanding the pathology and developing a potent anti-oxidant strategy that targets specific cell types or molecules under oxidative stress.
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