Night Sedation and Arthritic Pain

Hardo, P G; Kennedy, Tess

doi:10.1177/014107689108400206

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(1 reference statement)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[10][11][12]14,15,18 Although recent national trends in benzodiazepine prescribing have not been as well documented as opioid-prescribing trends, several studies suggest increases in benzodiazepine prescribing in the U.S. 27,28 A survey of U.S. primary care visits between 2002 and 2009 found that benzodiazepine prescription rates increased 12.5% per year and rates of opioid and benzodiazepine co-prescription increased 12.0% per year. 27 This is consistent with the increases in AAPCs for overdose deaths and ED visits seen in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies suggest that among patients who receive long-term opioids for chronic noncancer pain, 40% or more also use benzodiazepines. 10,14,15 In a study of opioidnaïve patients, benzodiazepine use was a stronger predictor of future opioid use than was musculoskeletal pain. 16 Among patients who abuse opioids, benzodiazepine abuse is prevalent also, and co-users report using benzodiazepines to enhance opioid intoxication.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Emergency Department Visits and Overdose Deaths From Combined Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines

Jones

McAninch

2015

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

324

245

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Visits and Overdose Deaths From Combined Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines

Jones

McAninch

2015

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

324

245

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Concerning the possible nonmedical use of BZDs among patients with chronic pain, survey data has revealed that as many as 40–60% of pain patients regularly use BZDs (Hardo and Kennedy, 1991, see also Kouyanou et al, 1997). In an analysis of prescription records, Bachs et al (2008) found that those codeine users dispensed the highest amounts of the opioid, were significantly more likely to be co-using large amounts of BZDs.…”

Section: The Co-abuse Of Benzodiazepines and Opioids In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polydrug abuse: A review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use

Jones

Mogali

Comer

2012

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

588

411

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper reviews studies examining the pharmacological interactions and epidemiology of the combined use of opioids and benzodiazepines (BZD). A search of English language publications from 1970 - 2012 was conducted using PubMed and PsycINFO®. Our search found approximately 200 articles appropriate for inclusion in this paper. While numerous reports indicate that the co-abuse of opioids and BZDs is ubiquitous around the world, the reasons for the co-abuse of these medications are not entirely clear. Though the possibility remains that opioid (ab)users are using BZDs therapeutically to self-medicate anxiety, mania or insomnia, the data reviewed in this paper suggest that BZD use is primarily recreational. For example, co-users report seeking BZD prescriptions for the purpose of enhancing opioid intoxication or “high,” and use doses that exceed the therapeutic range. Since there are few clinical studies investigating the pharmacological interaction and abuse liability of their combined use, this hypothesis has not been extensively evaluated in clinical settings. As such, our analysis encourages further systematic investigation of BZD abuse among opioid users. The co-abuse of BZDs and opioids is substantial and has negative consequences for general health, overdose lethality, and treatment outcome. Physicians should address this important and underappreciated problem with more cautious prescribing practices, and increased vigilance for abusive patterns of use.

show abstract

“…Surveys studies have shown that as many as 40-60% of pain patients use benzodiazepines, usually on a long-term basis (Hendler et al 1980;King and Strain 1990a;Hardo and Kennedy 1991). This rate of benzodiazepine use is much greater than in the general population .…”

Section: Brain Damagementioning

confidence: 99%

Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals - implications for problems of long-term use and abuse

1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Drug reinforcement may represent the primary behavioral-pharmacological mechanism underlying two types of problematic use of benzodiazepines--recreational abuse by polydrug abusers and inappropriate chronic use by patients. High dose polydrug abuse for the purpose of getting high is readily recognized as a significant social problem. Inappropriate chronic benzodiazepine use is more subtle but relatively common: for anxiolytics, 36% of past-year users (3% of the adult population in the US) report using these drugs for 4 consecutive months or longer. The risks of such long-term use are much better documented than the benefits. This paper provides a current review of various problems that have been identified with the long-term use and the recreational abuse of benzodiazepines, including memory impairment, risk of accidents, falls and hip fractures in the elderly, a withdrawal syndrome, brain damage, overuse in the elderly, overuse by chronic pain patients, overuse by alcoholics and recreational abuse among alcoholics and polydrug abusers. A comprehensive review of the literature on benzodiazepine reinforcing effects in humans and laboratory animals is also provided. Drug self-administration studies in humans and laboratory animals provide models of both types of problematic benzodiazepine use. Recreational abuse of benzodiazepines has been modeled in human research with polydrug abusers and in laboratory animal studies, which show that the reinforcing effect of benzodiazepines is intermediate relative to other sedative compounds and is increased in subjects with histories of previous sedative drug self-administration. The problem of inappropriate long-term use of benzodiazepines by people without histories of drug abuse has been partially modeled in human studies showing that benzodiazepines function as reinforcers in subjects with anxiety, insomnia, and histories of moderate alcohol consumption, and in preclinical studies showing stable, low-rate benzodiazepine self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of continuous availability. Both human and animal research suggests that the drug history and current behavioral context may be important in the establishment of benzodiazepines as reinforcers. Limited human and animal research provides little support for the common belief that physical dependence enhances benzodiazepine reinforcement.

show abstract

Night Sedation and Arthritic Pain

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Emergency Department Visits and Overdose Deaths From Combined Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines

Emergency Department Visits and Overdose Deaths From Combined Use of Opioids and Benzodiazepines

Polydrug abuse: A review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use

Benzodiazepine self-administration in humans and laboratory animals - implications for problems of long-term use and abuse

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About