“…Nigeria's northern geopolitical zones with average poverty rates 2 of 66 percent, 11 percentage points above the Southern average, are often identified as the underperformers of their regional neighbors on development metrics, including access to public infrastructure services (Madu 2006;Foster and Briceño-Garmendia 2010;National Bureau of Statistics 2010;Sowunmi et al 2012;Foster and Pushak 2011). When infrastructure functionality, a component of access, is examined at the small-scale LGA level, which lists among its duties the management of sanitation and water supply, we view unexpected, relative to the Northwest zone's status as the area with the worst reported poverty rate in the country (at 70 percent), LGAs that consistently outperform other northern and some southern LGAs on all infrastructure functionality indicators in ways not fully explained by population density alone (see Table 1).…”