“…14 Transition metal hydroxides are preferred and have already been determined as the actual active materials and are being studied more frequently, 15 because of their simple preparation and layered structure that is suitable for further optimization by, for example, doping with other foreign atoms to create more active sites. 16,17 Transition metal hydroxides often have their layered structure modified by intercalating ions between the layers to regulate the performance of metal sites. However, inorganic ions often have small radii, which makes them prone to leaving the interlayer spaces during catalysis, leading to a gradual attenuation of their effects on the metal sites.…”