Nicotine Standards in the United States

Stanton, Cassandra A.; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz191

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…This paper builds on previous reviews of nicotine reduction research ( Berman & Glasser, 2019 ; Donny et al., 2014 ; Hatsukami, Perkins et al., 2010 ; Smith, Rupprecht et al., 2017 ; Stanton & Hatsukami, 2019 ), adding studies published through April 2021. We also extend these reviews by summarizing the available evidence on reduced uptake, as an additional category of behavioral response relative to public health impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential

Donny

White

2022

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background In May 2018, the Secretariat for the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control convened a meeting to discuss the potential for reducing the addictiveness of tobacco products. A central focus was to review research findings on the behavioral effects of reducing the addictiveness of cigarettes. Methods This manuscript reports the results of a review of the behavioral science literature, updated through April 2021, with special attention to both the potential benefits and unintended consequences of reducing nicotine in cigarettes. Results Available evidence suggests that reducing nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels could benefit public health in three primary ways, by 1) decreasing uptake of regular smoking, 2) decreasing the amount people smoke, and 3) increasing the likelihood of smoking cessation. Current evidence also suggests that reducing nicotine in cigarettes may produce similar benefits across many important subpopulations of people who smoke, including those with psychiatric comorbidities, those who use other substances, those with low socioeconomic status, young people, people who smoke infrequently and people who prefer menthol cigarettes. Cigarette nicotine reduction could also lead to some undesirable outcomes, such as experiencing withdrawal, product manipulation, an illicit market, and harm misperceptions; strategies that may mitigate each are discussed. Conclusion Overall, behavioral research suggests product standards that limit the nicotine content of combusted tobacco products could render cigarettes and similar products less addictive. The availability of legal, non-combusted products that effectively substitute for cigarettes and the dissemination of public health campaigns that clarify misperceptions about the relationship between nicotine, tobacco and disease may facilitate the extent to which a nicotine reduction policy reduces smoking.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential

Donny

White

2022

International Journal of Drug Policy

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“…A growing number of studies shown that nicotine exposure poses potential risks to human health, since it is the main agent accountable for continued tobacco consumption, in addition to reacting during the burning of tobacco to form toxic compounds (Stepanov & Hatsukami, 2020;Gottlieb & Zeller, 2017;Benowitz & Henningfield, 2018;Wu, Ashley & Watson, 2003). Nowadays, a proposal to reduce and standardize nicotine contents within non-addictive levels in tobacco products, as well as for rulemaking, is already in place (Benowitz & Henningfield, 2018;Stanton & Hatsukami, 2019). Although there is a well-established method for nicotine analysis (CORESTA, 2005), development of chromatographic methods for determination of nicotine in tobacco products, such as tobacco leaves and STPs, has been often reported (Table 1).…”

Section: Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, there is already an eminent policy for tighter control of tobacco products, especially when it comes to smoke quitting interventions and public health issues related to nicotine and tobacco use and dependence (Gottlieb & Zeller, 2017;Benowitz & Henningfield, 2018;Stanton & Hatsukami, 2019). As a tobacco smoking prevention measure, some of the largest world producer countries of tobacco have banned the use of substances that provide aroma and flavor to tobacco-based smoking products, since they stimulate their consumption and, mainly, attract young smokers (ANVISA, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Analytical Methods for Analysis of Tobacco Products: An Overview

Costa

Vasconcelos²,

Moura³

et al. 2022

R. Eletr. TECCEN

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Abstract. Currently, due to the strong trends in policies to reduce smoking, several concerns related to quality control and regulation of tobacco products have been raised, as a great variety of products are available to consumers in the market. Considering that development of robust and selective analytical methods for tobacco and derivative products has been an important and necessary task over the years, however laborious, due to the complexity of the matrices. This work presents an overview of advances, innovation, and trends in analytical methods, focused on the chromatographic analysis of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), humectants, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sugars in different tobacco products. Gas chromatography (GC) coupled with different detectors is widely used to analyze nicotine, humectants and TSNAs in tobacco leaves and derivative products, while liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been frequently used to analyze TSNAs in mainstream cigarette smoke and smokeless tobacco products. Pesticides were mainly analyzed in tobacco using GC or LC coupled with mass detector (MS), while PAHs and sugars were generally analyzed in tobacco and smoke using LC-MS and GC-MS techniques, respectively. In addition to already established methods and despite the lack of a worldwide standardization of methods, significant efforts have been made to develop analytical procedures for a wide variety of tobacco products, with a broad range of innovative chromatographic methods available. In this sense, a potential trend is the possibility of simultaneous determination of multiple components aiming to reduce the analysis time. The present study examined the main works that developed or improved analytical methods for identifying and quantifying priority compounds in different tobacco matrices and aims to contribute to future research with this objective, in addition, to promoting standardization of technical terms used in this analytical area. It is noteworthy that some of the methods mentioned here have not been validated and further studies are needed in order to obtain reproducible analytical methods for regulatory purposes. Keywords: chromatography analyses; tobacco leaves; cigarette; cigarette smoke; smokeless tobacco products.

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“…3 Recently, a number of studies have evaluated the potential impact of a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes, including a recent special issue in Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 4 Overall, these studies have generally found abrupt transitions to reduced-nicotine cigarettes 5 and low nicotine levels (~0.4-mg nicotine per g of tobacco) would be beneficial in promoting smoking abstinence and reducing dependence and toxin exposure. 6 General recommendations from these studies suggest a successful nicotine product standard would incorporate noncombustible alternatives, promoting less-harmful products, and informing the public on the relative risks of nicotine products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes Across Regulatory Environments in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: A Randomized Trial

Kaplan

Koffarnus

Franck

et al. 2020

Nicotine &Amp; Tobacco Research

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Introduction Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Recent efforts have explored the potential health and policy benefits of reducing nicotine, an addictive component, in combustible cigarettes. To date, an experimental, prospective analysis directly comparing the effects of varying regulatory environments on purchases of multiple products has yet to be conducted. The present study compared real purchasing of conventional cigarettes, reduced-nicotine cigarettes, and a variety of other nicotine and tobacco products across a range of regulatory environments. Methods Participants were assigned to one of five groups, each associated with a different nicotine level (mg of nicotine to g of tobacco) in SPECTRUM investigational cigarettes (15.8mg/g, 5.2mg/g, 2.4mg/g, 1.3mg/g, and 0.4mg/g). Across sessions, participants made real purchases for nicotine/tobacco products in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace. Each session corresponded with a distinct regulatory environment wherein different nicotine/tobacco products were available for purchase. Results Our results suggest that the primary drivers of cigarette and nicotine purchasing are regulatory environment and the presence/absence of alternative nicotine and tobacco products. Perhaps surprisingly, nicotine level does not appear to be such a driver of purchasing behavior under these experimental conditions. Investigational cigarette purchasing is lowest when other preferred combustible products are available and highest when investigational cigarettes are the only combustible product available for purchase. Conclusions If a reduced-nicotine policy is implemented, great care should be taken in determining and making available less harmful nicotine/tobacco products as the availability of preferred combustible products may result in undesirable levels of purchasing. Implications This is the first experimental study investigating different potential regulatory effects related to a reduced-nicotine policy by examining purchasing across a range of nicotine/tobacco products. Our results suggest the presence of affordable, highly preferred combustible products is likely to maintain tobacco purchasing at undesirable levels. To promote switching to less harmful products, affordable alternate nicotine and tobacco products should be readily available. Finally, our results suggest availability of noncigarette products, not cigarette nicotine level, will most likely affect purchasing of reduced-nicotine cigarettes.

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Nicotine Standards in the United States

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential

A review of the evidence on cigarettes with reduced addictiveness potential

Trends in Analytical Methods for Analysis of Tobacco Products: An Overview

Effects of Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes Across Regulatory Environments in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace: A Randomized Trial

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