Nicotine produces long-term increases in cocaine reinforcement in adolescent but not adult rats

Reed, Stephanie Collins; Izenwasser, Sari

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.044

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…In a more recent study, Pomfrey et al (2015) found no differences in cocaine self-administration between adult male rats that were pretreated with nicotine or vehicle in adolescence. In contrast to the results of Pomfrey et al (2015), Reed and Izenwasser (2017) found that nicotine preexposure in adolescence, but not in adulthood, increased rates of cocaine self-administration in male rats after a 30-day nicotine-free period. These studies used rates of cocaine self-administration on fixed- or progressive-ratio schedules as the dependent measure.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

“…Pomfrey et al (2015), who found no effect of nicotine pretreatment on cocaine taking, injected rats with nicotine on post-natal day (PND) 28 until PND 43, and tested for cocaine self-administration beginning on PND 81–85. Reed and Izenwasser (2017) used a procedure similar to that of Pomfrey et al (i.e., rats had a 30-day drug-free period between nicotine preexposure and the beginning of cocaine self-administration), but found that nicotine preexposure increased cocaine self-administration in rats that were preexposed in adolescence, but not adulthood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of nicotine pre-exposure on demand for cocaine and sucrose in male rats

Schwartz

Kearns²,

Silberberg³

2018

Behavioural Pharmacology

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The aim of the present study was to determine how nicotine pre-exposure affects the elasticity of demand for intravenous cocaine and for sucrose pellets in adult male rats. In Experiment 1, demand for cocaine was assessed in rats that had nicotine in their drinking water. Nicotine pre-exposure significantly decreased rats' willingness to defend cocaine consumption as the price (measured as the number of responses per cocaine infusion) increased compared with a control group with no nicotine pre-exposure. That is, nicotine increased the elasticity of demand for cocaine infusions. Experiment 2 repeated the first experiment, but with rats working for sucrose pellets instead of cocaine. Nicotine pre-exposure had no effect on the elasticity of demand for sucrose. This pattern of results suggests that nicotine pre-exposure can reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine, but not sucrose, in adult male rats.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of nicotine pre-exposure on demand for cocaine and sucrose in male rats

Schwartz

Kearns²,

Silberberg³

2018

Behavioural Pharmacology

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“…We are particularly cautious with regard to the generality of our findings to heroin and prescription opioids, because there are many differences between the neurobiological mechanisms of opioids and psychostimulants, and the risk factors and environmental conditions that control addiction to these drug classes (Badiani, 2013;Badiani et al, 2011;Caprioli et al, 2009). In addition, there is evidence that prior exposure to nicotine during adolescence increases cocaine selfadministration (Reed and Izenwasser, 2016) and amphetamine self-administration and reinstatement (Cortright et al, 2012).…”

Section: Methodological and Conceptual Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Prior Exposure to Alcohol Has No Effect on Cocaine Self-Administration and Relapse in Rats: Evidence from a Rat Model that Does Not Support the Gateway Hypothesis

Fredriksson

Adhikary

Steensland

et al. 2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The gateway hypothesis posits that initial exposure to legal drugs promotes subsequent addiction to illicit drugs. However, epidemiological studies are correlational and cannot rule out the alternative hypothesis of shared addiction vulnerability to legal and illegal drugs. We tested the gateway hypothesis using established rat alcohol exposure procedures and cocaine self-administration and reinstatement (relapse) procedures. We gave Wistar or alcohol-preferring (P) rats intermittent access to water or 20% alcohol in their homecage for 7 weeks (three 24-h sessions/week). We also exposed Wistar rats to air or intoxicating alcohol levels in vapor chambers for 14-h/day for 7 weeks. We then tested the groups of rats for acquisition of cocaine self-administration using ascending cocaine doses (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/infusion) followed by a dose-response curve after acquisition of cocaine self-administration. We then extinguished lever pressing and tested the rats for reinstatement of drug seeking induced by cocaine-paired cues and cocaine priming (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg, i.p.). Wistar rats consumed moderate amounts of alcohol (4.6 g/kg/24 h), P rats consumed higher amounts of alcohol (7.6 g/kg/24 h), and Wistar rats exposed to alcohol vapor had a mean blood alcohol concentration of 176.2 mg/dl during the last week of alcohol exposure. Alcohol pre-exposure had no effect on cocaine self-administration, extinction responding, and reinstatement of drug seeking. Pre-exposure to moderate, high, or intoxicating levels of alcohol had no effect on cocaine self-administration and relapse to cocaine seeking. Our data do not support the notion that alcohol is a gateway drug to cocaine.

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“…46 Adolescent research and animal studies confirm the ‘gateway to illicit drugs’ hypothesis that suggests the introduction of tobacco at an early age increases the likelihood of future illicit drug use. 47–49 Moreover, epidemiological research on addiction reveals better treatment and recovery outcomes for polysubstance users that quit tobacco use in comparison to counterparts that continue to smoke tobacco. 50–52 The potential for tobacco use reduction and quitting to lead to the reduction and quitting of other polysubstance use (as seen in PROMPT participants) is thus neurobiologically plausible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management and Point-of-Care for Tobacco Dependence (PROMPT): a feasibility mixed methods community-based participatory action research project in Ottawa, Canada

et al. 2018

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ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of a Community-Based Participatory Tobacco Dependence Strategy (PROMPT) in the inner city population of Ottawa (Canada).DesignA feasibility mixed methods prospective cohort study following principles of community-based participatory action research.InterventionRecruited 80 people whouse drugs, followed them for 6 months while providing access to counselling, nicotine replacement therapy and peer-support in a community setting.SettingCommunity research office in downtown Ottawa, adjacent to low-income housing, shelter services and street-based drug consumption.Primary outcomeRetention rate at 6-month follow-up.Secondary outcomeBiochemically validated 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at 26 weeks, self-reported abstinence in the past 7 days with exhaled carbon monoxide ≤10 ppm.ResultsThe average age of participants was 43.8 years. The 6-month follow-up rate was 42.5%. The mean number of smoking years reported was 27.3 years. The participants were 70% male, 33.7% reported less than a high-school education, 21% identified as indigenous and 43.8% reported an income between US$1000 and US$1999 per month. The baseline mean daily cigarette use was 20.5 and 9.3 cigarettes at study end, with mean reduction of 11.2 cigarettes at 6 months (P=0.0001). There was a considerable reduction in self-reported illicit substance use (18.8%), including a reduction in the opioids heroin (6.3%), fentanyl (2.6%) and Oxycontin (3.8%). The study findings also reveal psycho-socioeconomic benefits such as improved health, return to work and greater community engagement.ConclusionsThe PROMPT project describes socioeconomic variables associated with tobacco and polysubstance use. A programme focused on tobacco dependence, easily accessible in the community and led by community peers with lived experience is feasible to implement and has the potential to support positive life changes. PROMPT’s patient engagement model is an effective harm-reduction strategy for the growing opioid use crisis and can improve the health outcomes of marginalised at-risk populations worldwide.

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Nicotine produces long-term increases in cocaine reinforcement in adolescent but not adult rats

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

The effect of nicotine pre-exposure on demand for cocaine and sucrose in male rats

The effect of nicotine pre-exposure on demand for cocaine and sucrose in male rats

Prior Exposure to Alcohol Has No Effect on Cocaine Self-Administration and Relapse in Rats: Evidence from a Rat Model that Does Not Support the Gateway Hypothesis

Management and Point-of-Care for Tobacco Dependence (PROMPT): a feasibility mixed methods community-based participatory action research project in Ottawa, Canada

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