Nicotine on the developing brain

Castro, Emily M.; Lotfipour, Shahrdad; Leslie, Frances M.

doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106716

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 196 publications

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“…Many children in the PAE group had co-occurring prenatal exposures and postnatal adverse experiences, which were not accounted for in our analysis. Indeed, it is known that prenatal exposure to drugs such as cocaine, opioids, and stimulants, affect the structure of the developing brain ( Conradt et al, 2019 ; Dufford et al, 2021 ; Merhar et al, 2021 ; Radhakrishnan et al, 2021 ; Sanjari Moghaddam et al, 2021 ; Balalian et al, 2023 ; Castro et al, 2023 ). However, it has been suggested that among concurrent prenatal substance exposures, alcohol explains the most variance in brain outcomes ( Hemingway et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and age effects on gray matter volume trajectories in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Long,

Kar,

Forkert

et al. 2024

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) occurs in ~11% of North American pregnancies and is the most common known cause of neurodevelopmental disabilities such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD; ~2–5% prevalence). PAE has been consistently associated with smaller gray matter volumes in children, adolescents, and adults. A small number of longitudinal studies show altered gray matter development trajectories in late childhood/early adolescence, but patterns in early childhood and potential sex differences have not been characterized in young children. Using longitudinal T1-weighted MRI, the present study characterized gray matter volume development in young children with PAE (N = 42, 84 scans, ages 3–8 years) compared to unexposed children (N = 127, 450 scans, ages 2–8.5 years). Overall, we observed altered global and regional gray matter development trajectories in the PAE group, wherein they had attenuated age-related increases and more volume decreases relative to unexposed children. Moreover, we found more pronounced sex differences in children with PAE; females with PAE having the smallest gray matter volumes and the least age-related changes of all groups. This pattern of altered development may indicate reduced brain plasticity and/or accelerated maturation and may underlie the cognitive/behavioral difficulties often experienced by children with PAE. In conjunction with previous research on older children, adolescents, and adults with PAE, our results suggest that gray matter volume differences associated with PAE vary by age and may become more apparent in older children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and age effects on gray matter volume trajectories in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Long,

Kar,

Forkert

et al. 2024

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…E-cigarettes accessed within Australia have been shown to contain an array of noxious substances and exhibit dangerous inaccuracies in labelling (Larcombe et al, 2022 ), thus complicating the assessment of users’ exposure to harmful chemicals and nicotine. Early exposure to nicotine exerts a substantial influence on the developing brain (Castro et al, 2023 ), and increases the risk of depression and anxiety (Lechner et al, 2017 ), sleep disruption (Merianos et al, 2021 ) and poor academic performance (Dearfield et al, 2021 ). Additional health harms and risks associated with e-cigarette use include nausea, headache, cough, throat irritation, vomiting and loss of consciousness caused by nicotine overdose, and burns and injuries (Banks et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-ecological factors that influence youth vaping: perspectives from Western Australian school professionals, parents and young people

McCausland,

Booth,

Leaversuch

et al. 2024

International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well

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Purpose To understand from the perspectives of school professionals, parents and young people the socio-ecological factors that may facilitate and prevent e-cigarette use among young people in Perth, Western Australia. Methods Purposive sampling was used to recruit school professionals, parents and young people for one-on-one ( n = 35) or joint ( n = 3) interviews (in-person n = 11 or online n = 27). Data were analysed using thematic analysis and classified into four domains based on the socio-ecological model: i) individual, ii) interpersonal, iii) organizational/community and iv) societal/policy. Results Factors that were found to support vaping among young people included sensation-seeking and risk-taking behaviour; a low-risk perception of vapes; attractive characteristics of vapes; ease of access; perception vaping is a social activity; and lack of knowledge about vaping among parents and school professionals. Vaping prevention messages originating from the familial, educational and community spheres are lacking but wanted by adults and young people. Conclusions The pervasiveness of the e-cigarette trade and persistent challenges related to surveillance and enforcement need to be addressed to reduce exposure and access to e-cigarettes. A mixture of “hard” and “soft” public policy tools involving key stakeholders in a range of settings is needed to prevent e-cigarette access and uptake by young people.

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“…In the world as a whole currently, there are still more over 1 billion smokers (Reitsma et al, 2021). Long‐term smoking not only causes cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, but also damages the cognitive and nervous systems (Castro et al, 2023; Swan & Lessov‐Schlaggar, 2007). Nicotine, a harmful substance in tobacco, is addictive, entering the body with exhaled smoke and quickly invading the brain for a few seconds, the specific pharmacological properties of nicotine will produce a sober and refreshing effect on smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in aspartate metabolism in the medial‐prefrontal cortex of nicotine addicts based on J‐edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Yu,

Lin,

et al. 2023

Human Brain Mapping

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This study aims to explore the changes of the aspartate (Asp) level in the medial‐prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of subjects with nicotine addiction (nicotine addicts [NAs]) using the J‐edited 1H MR spectroscopy (MRS), which may provide a positive imaging evidence for intervention of NA. From March to August 2022, 45 males aged 40–60 years old were recruited from Henan Province, including 21 in NA and 24 in nonsmoker groups. All subjects underwent routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and J‐edited MRS scans on a 3.0 T MRI scanner. The Asp level in mPFC was quantified with reference to the total creatine (Asp/Cr) and water (Aspwater‐corr, with correction of the brain tissue composition) signals, respectively. Two‐tailed independent samples t‐test was used to analyze the differences in levels of Asp and other coquantified metabolites (including total N‐acetylaspartate [tNAA], total cholinine [tCho], total creatine [tCr], and myo‐Inositol [mI]) between the two groups. Finally, the correlations of the Asp level with clinical characteristic assessment scales were performed using the Spearman criteria. Compared with the control group (n = 22), NAs (n = 18) had higher levels of Asp (Asp/Cr: p = .005; Aspwater‐corr: p = .004) in the mPFC, and the level of Asp was positively correlated with the daily smoking amount (Asp/Cr: p < .001; Aspwater‐corr: p = .004). No significant correlation was found between the level of Asp and the years of nicotine use, Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Russell Reason for Smoking Questionnaire (RRSQ), or Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS‐11) score. The elevated Asp level was observed in mPFC of NAs in contrast to nonsmokers, and the Asp level was positively correlated with the amount of daily smoking, which suggests that nicotine addiction may result in elevated Asp metabolism in the human brain.

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Nicotine on the developing brain

Cited by 24 publications

References 196 publications

Sex and age effects on gray matter volume trajectories in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Sex and age effects on gray matter volume trajectories in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure

Socio-ecological factors that influence youth vaping: perspectives from Western Australian school professionals, parents and young people

Changes in aspartate metabolism in the medial‐prefrontal cortex of nicotine addicts based on J‐edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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