Nicotine gum vs. placebo gum: Comparisons of withdrawal symptoms and success rates.

Schneider, Nina; Jarvik, Murray E.

doi:10.1037/e472512004-001

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Heart rate, hunger, and weight gain appeared to be the exceptions to this time course. In prior studies, whether heart rate showed a time-limited, biphasic "withdrawal" pattern or a simple uniphasic decline postcessation is debatable (Nemeth-Coslett, Sampson, & Henningfield, 1986;Schneider & Jarvik, 1985;Ward, Garvey, & Bliss, 1992;West & Schneider, 1988). Unfortunately, our results (see Figure 1) do not help resolve the time pattern for heart rate postcessation.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters.

Hughes¹

1992

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

354

305

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Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 54%

Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters.

Hughes¹

1992

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

354

305

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“…These effects are similar to those found in an earlier nicotine gum study which incorporated these scales Henningfield 1985, 1986). That the gum is probably not totally devoid of abuse liability, however, is suggested by other laboratory studies, which demonstrated that, when compared to placebo, nicotine gum is a reinforcer for smokers trying to quit (e.g., Russell et al 1980;Hughes et al 1985;Schneider et al 1985), and by smoking cessation treatment studies which showed that a small percentage of persons treated with the gum continue to use the gum for many months after they have ceased smoking (e.g., Russell et al 1980;Jarvis et al 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Nicotine gum: dose-related effects on cigarette smoking and subjective ratings

et al. 1987

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The effects of nicotine-containing chewing gum on cigarette smoking and subjective and physiological response were evaluated in eight normal volunteers. Isolated subjects smoked their regular brand of cigarettes freely in a naturalistic laboratory environment while watching television or reading. Before 90-min smoking sessions subjects chewed two pieces of placebo or nicotine-containing gum (0, 2, 4, or 8 mg) under double-blind conditions. Each subject received each treatment four times in a mixed order across days. Analysis of the chewed gum for remaining nicotine revealed that the mean delivered nicotine doses were 0, 1.02, 2.39, and 5.20 mg nicotine. Nicotine preloading produced dose-related increases in plasma nicotine, while producing dose-related decreases in various measures of cigarette smoking including number of cigarettes smoked, number of puffs taken, expired air carbon monoxide level, and ratings of smoking satisfaction. Nicotine preloading produced dose-related increases in ratings of gum dose-strength, while producing decreases in ratings of gum dose acceptability and liking. Heart rate and blood pressure were not significantly affected by nicotine gum. Taken together, the present results confirm that responses to nicotine in the gum preparation are orderly and related to dose, and the results suggest that the efficacy of treating tobacco dependence with nicotine gum may be enhanced by increasing the administered dose.

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“…The SCS was one of the early withdrawal measures (Schneider & Jarvik, 1985;Schneider, Jarvik, & Forsythe, 1984 [www.proqolid.org]). Twenty behavioral symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale and 10 physical symptoms are rated as present or not.…”

Section: Withdrawal Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; (b) the Minnesota Withdrawal Scale (MNWS;; (c) the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS;West & Hajek, 2004); (d) theShiffman-Jarvik Withdrawal Scale (SJWS;Shiffman & Jarvik, 1976); (e) the Smoker Complaint Scale (SCS;Schneider & Jarvik, 1985); (f) the Wisconsin Smoking Withdrawal Scale (WSWS;Welsch et al, 1999); (g) the Profile of Mood States (POMS;McNair, Lorr, & Droppelman, 1992), four of the seven subscales of which tap valid abstinence symptoms; and (h) the Shiffman Scale (SS;Shiffman, Paty, Gnys, Kassel, & Elash, 1995), a very brief assessment via a hand-held computer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the effects of abstinence from tobacco: A qualitative review.

Hughes¹

2007

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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This article reviews terms, methodologies, and scales used to describe the effects of abstinence from tobacco in humans. The review suggests operational definitions for withdrawal, offset, novel, and indefinite abstinence effects. The review recommends the use of prospective studies that use smokers trying to quit, multiple data points pre-abstinence and very soon after abstinence, comparison groups, at least 16 hrs of abstinence, objective measures, measures of clinical significance, and data analytic techniques that allow use of all participants' data. The 8 most commonly used tobacco withdrawal measures differ in coverage, brevity, and use of single vs. multiple items to describe each symptom. Of the measures, 6 consistently increase with abstinence, but no single measure appears superior.

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Nicotine gum vs. placebo gum: Comparisons of withdrawal symptoms and success rates.

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters.

Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters.

Nicotine gum: dose-related effects on cigarette smoking and subjective ratings

Measurement of the effects of abstinence from tobacco: A qualitative review.

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