“…Smoking‐induced genetic alterations have an influence on fertility through chromosomal alterations (Härkönen, Viitanen, Larsen, Bonde, & Lähdetie, ; Pereira et al, ; Rubes et al, ), mutations (Yauk et al, ), polymorphisms (Ji, Yan, Liu, Qu, & Gu, ; Yarosh, Kokhtenko, Starodubova, Churnosov, & Polonikov, ; Yu et al, ), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) (Papachristou et al, ), micronuclei (Lähdetie, ; Milosevic‐Djordjevic, Stosic, Grujicic, Zelen, & Sazdanovic, ) and DNA damage (Elshal, El‐Sayed, Elsaied, El‐Masry, & Kumosani, ; Fraga et al, ; Viloria et al, ; Zenzes, Bielecki, & Reed, ) (Figure ). Over the last decades, the association of epigenetic factors (such as DNA methylation, chromatin remodelling and noncoding RNAs) with male infertility‐related smoking has also been investigated (Dai et al, ; Dong et al, ; La Maestra, De Flora, & Micale, ; Yu, Ding, et al, ; Yu, Qi, et al, ).…”