Nicotine dependence and levels of depression and anxiety in smokers in the process of smoking cessation

Abstract

Background: Depression and anxiety are psychiatric disorders that are related to tobacco use and associated with dependence, the process of cessation, lapses and relapses after quitting smoking. Objective: To analyze the association of nicotine dependence with the level of anxiety and depression in patients who are in the process of smoking cessation. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with patients who sought the smoking cessation program in Cuiabá/MT. All the smokers enrolled from May to August 2012, participated in this study. Four instruments were applied: Socio-demographic Questionnaire, Fagerström test, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory. Following bivariate analysis, using the crude prevalence ratio, with level of significance lower than 5% (p < 0.05), having as variable outcome the nicotine dependence ≥ 5 (Fagerström). The associations with p < 0.20 were selected for robust Multiple Poisson Regression (RP a ). Results: Associations of Fagerström ≥ 5 with the male sex (RP = 1.15 CI 95% 1.03-1.28); number of cigarettes/day (RP = 1,33; CI 95% 1.19-1.48); and moderate/severe level of depression (RP = 1.15; CI 95% 1.04-1.28) were found. In the final model (RPa), the following variables remained associated: male gender (RPa 1.12; CI 95% 1.01-1.24), number of cigarettes/day (RPa 1.28; CI 95% 1.15-1.43) and high level of depression (RPa 1.12; CI 95% 1.01-1.23). Discussion: High level of nicotine dependence was associated significantly with the level of depression, emphasizing the association between smoking and psychiatric comorbidities.

Terapia Comunitária como cuidado complementar a usuários de drogas e suas contribuições sobre a ansiedade e a depressão

“…19 As in the present research, other studies also reported the presence of mental disorders associated with chemical dependence. 28,33 There are highlights in national 8 and international studies 9 that mention drug use as an aggravating factor in the levels of these disorders.…”

“…3,6 This disorder is reflected in an inadequate response to coping with daily stimuli, uncontrolled, disrupting people's life dynamics and their interpersonal relationships. 7 The sum of these comorbidities with or due to chemical dependence becomes a motivating factor for the non-cessation of psychoactive substance consumption and/or becomes an obstacle for adherence to treatment, 4,8,9 imposing challenges in providing assistance to this clientele.…”

<p>Association Of Cigarette Smoking With Anxiety, Depression, And Suicidal Ideation Among Brazilian Adolescents</p>

“…Lopes and colleagues23 identified a 59% prevalence of nicotine dependence in a cohort of 262 psychiatric outpatients with anxiety or depressive disorder, but this prevalence rate did not differ significantly from the control group or the general population 23. However, in the cross-sectional study of 182 adults in the process of quitting smoking, Pawlina and colleagues24 observed an association between nicotine dependence and greater severity of depression.…”

“…Studies with adults investigating the link between psychopathology and smoking in Brazil may provide hints regarding possible analogous links in adolescents 23,24. Lopes and colleagues23 identified a 59% prevalence of nicotine dependence in a cohort of 262 psychiatric outpatients with anxiety or depressive disorder, but this prevalence rate did not differ significantly from the control group or the general population 23.…”

XRCC4 rs6869366 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to both nicotine dependence and/or schizophrenia

“…Smoking is an important public health problem all around the world, causing death of almost six million people annually. Evidence supports that patients with severe psychiatric disorders tend to suffer from nicotine dependence (ND) 3,4 .…”