“…Cytosolic enzymes such as xanthine oxidase (XO) during the catalytic oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and Prostaglandin H Synthase (PHS) from arachidonic acid to prostaglandin generate ROS [ 24 ]. In addition, environmental pollutants; ionizing radiation (UV-rays, X-rays, γ-rays, and infrared or electromagnetic waves); smoking; long-term chemical exposure like pesticides, insecticides, or industrial solvents; heavy or transition metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg); diet; and physical exercise contribute to the production of ROS/RNS [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”