Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette

Benowitz, Neal L.; Hall, Sharon M.; Stewart, Susan L.; Wilson, Margaret D.; Dempsey, Delia; Jacob, Peyton

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0393

Cited by 137 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…27,28) Cigarette smoke consists of many chemicals, including nicotine, tar with its many carcinogens, and gaseous compounds including carbon monoxide (CO). 29,30) CO was shown to accumulated in the human body with repeated smoking. 31) Chronic exposure to low levels of CO results in tissue hypoxia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Serum Biochemical Profile in Male Human Volunteers

Padmavathi

Reddy

Nallanchakravarthula

2009

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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Electrolytes and minerals are involved in most cellular activities and assume a major role in metabolism. The present study is aimed to understand the influence of electrolyte alterations on serum lipid profile and enzymes in chronic cigarette smokers. Thirty human male volunteers in each group, aged between 27 and 35 taking local diet and smoking for 7-10 years at least 8-12 cigarettes per day were chosen as experimental subjects. All the subjects were using cigarettes without a filter. Controls (age, sex and diet matched) who did not smoke were selected for the study. Blood samples drawn from human volunteers by venipuncture and were used immediately for analysis. There was no significant change observed in serum sodium, chloride levels, where as significant (p < 0.05) increase was observed in potassium, iron, calcium and phosphate in chronic cigarette smokers when compared to controls. Further, enhanced activities of the serum enzymes viz., transaminases (Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and with no change in γ-glutamyl transferase (γGT) were observed. The concentration of calcium was positively correlated with serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (r = 0.252, r = 0.347) respectively and negatively (r = −0.164) correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, further, potassium was positively correlated with LDH, ALP and ALT (r = 0.419, r = 0.174, 0.248) respectively in chronic cigarette smokers. Chronic cigarette smoking might have induced alterations in membrane permeability properties of tissues and organs, which might have resulted in changes in signal transduction and electrolyte imbalance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Serum Biochemical Profile in Male Human Volunteers

Padmavathi

Reddy

Nallanchakravarthula

2009

JOURNAL OF HEALTH SCIENCE

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“…While transdermal nicotine helps some smokers quit (eg, Stead et al, 2008), most who use nicotine replacement therapies eventually relapse, partly because they miss the behavioral and sensory aspects of smoking (Rose et al, 2000). Smoking cigarettes that deliver less than conventional doses of nicotine (ie,~1 mg/cigarette) reduce nicotine dependence (Benowitz et al, 2007;Benowitz et al, 2012;Benowitz et al, 2015) and promote smoking cessation when used with transdermal nicotine (Hatsukami et al, 2013). Further, a trial of reduced-nicotine cigarettes delivering~0.05-1.2 mg nicotine in 780 smokers showed decreases in nicotine dependence and cigarette consumption at 6 weeks compared to baseline (Donny et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Faulkner

Ghahremani

Tyndale

et al. 2017

Neuropsychopharmacol

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The use of cigarettes delivering different nicotine doses allows evaluation of the contribution of nicotine to the smoking experience. We compared responses of 46 young adult smokers to research cigarettes, delivering 0.027, 0.110, 0.231, or 0.763 mg nicotine, and conventional cigarettes. On five separate days, craving, withdrawal, affect, and sustained attention were measured after overnight abstinence and again after smoking. Participants also rated each cigarette, and the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR) was used to identify participants as normal or slow metabolizers. All cigarettes equally alleviated craving, withdrawal, and negative affect in the whole sample, but normal metabolizers reported greater reductions of craving and withdrawal than slow metabolizers, with dose-dependent effects. Only conventional cigarettes and, to a lesser degree, 0.763-mg nicotine research cigarettes increased sustained attention. Finally, there were no differences between ratings of lower-dose cigarettes, but the 0.763-mg cigarettes and (even more so) conventional cigarettes were rated more favorably than lower-dose cigarettes. The findings indicate that smoking-induced relief of craving and withdrawal reflects primarily non-nicotine effects in slow metabolizers, but depends on nicotine dose in normal metabolizers. By contrast, relief of withdrawal-related attentional deficits and cigarette ratings depend on nicotine dose regardless of metabolizer status. These findings have bearing on the use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes to facilitate smoking cessation and on policy regarding regulation of nicotine content in cigarettes. They suggest that normal and slow nicotine metabolizers would respond differently to nicotine reduction in cigarettes, but that irrespective of metabolizer status, reductions to o0.763 mg/cigarette may contribute to temporary attentional deficits.

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“…We previously found that a reduction in nicotine content leads on average to minimal compensation and no increased exposure to tobacco smoke toxicants. 19,20 In this secondary analysis we analyzed baseline features of smoking to determine if they predicted those who responded differently to nicotine tapering in a 6-month study of nicotine reduction. We found that those with high nicotine dependence, as assessed by baseline FTCD, maintained differences in smoking behavior by smoking more cigarettes and exhibit greater smoke exposure (CO and PAHs) regardless of RNC level compared to those with low nicotine dependence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 We are unaware of studies that have examined whether individual factors such as nicotine dependence, genetic factors or rate of metabolism influence compensation when experiencing reduced nicotine availability. The present study addresses whether individual level predictors (i.e., nicotine dependence and rate of nicotine metabolism) influence smoking behavior, and tobacco smoke toxicant exposure in a reduced nicotine content cigarette trial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Metabolism, and the Extent of Compensation in Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Bandiera

Ross

Taghavi

et al. 2015

NICTOB

Self Cite

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Introduction: The Food and Drug Administration has the authority to regulate tobacco product constituents, including nicotine, to promote public health. Reducing the nicotine content in cigarettes may lead to lower levels of addiction. Smokers however may compensate by smoking more cigarettes and/or smoking more intensely. The objective of this study was to test whether individual differences in the level of nicotine dependence (as measured by the Fagerstrom Test of Cigarette Dependence [FTCD]) and/or the rate of nicotine metabolism influence smoking behavior and exposure to tobacco toxicants when smokers are switched to reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNC). Methods: Data from 51 participants from a previously published clinical trial of RNC were analyzed. Nicotine content of cigarettes was progressively reduced over 6 months and measures of smoking behavior, as well as nicotine metabolites and tobacco smoke toxicant exposure, CYP2A6 and nicotinic CHRNA5-A3-B4 (rs1051730) genotype were measured. Results: Higher baseline FTCD predicted smoking more cigarettes per day (CPD), higher cotinine and smoke toxicant levels while smoking RNC throughout the study, with no interaction by RNC level. Time to first cigarette (TFC) was associated with differences in compensation. TFC within 10 min was associated with a greater increase in CPD compared to TFC greater than 10 min. Neither rate of nicotine metabolism, nor CYP2A6 or nicotinic receptor genotype, had an effect on the outcome variables of interest. Conclusions: FTCD is associated with overall exposure to nicotine and other constituents of tobacco smoke, while a short TFC is associated with an increased compensatory response after switching to RNC.

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Nicotine and Carcinogen Exposure with Smoking of Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarette

Cited by 137 publications

References 22 publications

Influence of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Serum Biochemical Profile in Male Human Volunteers

Influence of Chronic Cigarette Smoking on Serum Biochemical Profile in Male Human Volunteers

Reduced-Nicotine Cigarettes in Young Smokers: Impact of Nicotine Metabolism on Nicotine Dose Effects

Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Metabolism, and the Extent of Compensation in Response to Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes

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