“…By applying a modification, it is possible to achieve a significant improvement in the analytical characteristics of bare electrodes, such as a low detection limit, high sensitivity, and wide linear range [8]. Several publications for electrochemical insulin determination are based on electrode modifications using various metal nanoparticles (Ni, Zn, Cu, and Co) [12][13][14], metal oxide nanoparticles (NiO) [15], and carbon materials [1,16], or some combination of the above. Additionally, polymer membranes such as Nafion [8,17], chitosan [18], and polyethylene glycol [19] have been widely used to prevent the fast occupation of active sites by the chloride ions in body fluids.…”