Nickel in foods and the diet

Smart, G. E.; Sherlock, J. C.

doi:10.1080/02652038709373616

Cited by 58 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Nickel contents in the literature have been reported in the range of 0.1-3.8 ppm in selected sweets of different shops of Karachi city (Naqvi et al 2004), and in the range of 0.041-8.23 μg/g in the different types of chocolates (Dahiya et al 2005). The dietary contribution of nickel has been reported to range from 200 to 900 μg/day (Schroeder 1965;Myron et al 1978;Clemente et al 1980;Smart and Sherlock 1987;Nielson and Larsen et al 2002). The reported nickel content in Indian foods is much higher (240-3,900 μg/day) (Krishnamurti and Pushpa 1991).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Trace metal contents in chewing gums and candies marketed in Turkey

Duran

Tüzen

Soylak

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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Cu, Ni, Pb, Fe, Mn, Cr and Cd contents were determined in 17 different brands of chewing gum and candy samples available in local markets of Kayseri, Turkey. Concentration of selected trace metals were estimated using flame atomic absorption spectrometer after dry and wet digestion methods. Out of 17 brands of chewing gums and candies analysed, four were cocoa based, two were sugar based and other were of fruit based. Copper level ranged from 0.219 to 2.455 microg/g with an average of 1.390 microg/g. Nickel ranged from 0.120 to 2.588 microg/g with an average of 0.846 microg/g. Lead level ranged from 0.031 to 2.46 microg/g with an average of 0.746 microg/g. Iron level ranged from 3.963 to 9.863 microg/g with an average of 6.618 microg/g. Manganese level ranged from 1.872 to 5.067 microg/g with an average of 3.196 microg/g. Chromium ranged from 0.740 to 6.265 microg/g with an average of 2.473 microg/g and cadmium level ranged from 0.027 to 0.825 microg/g with an average of 0.296 microg/g. Cocoa based samples were found to have higher contents of the analysed metals than sugar and fruit based samples.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Trace metal contents in chewing gums and candies marketed in Turkey

Duran

Tüzen

Soylak

2008

Environ Monit Assess

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“…High concentrations of Ni are also described in the literature for cocoa and chocolate products (Flyvholm et al, 1984;Smart and Sherlock, 1987;Leblanc et al, 2005;Arnich et al, 2012;Ščančar et al, 2013b).…”

Section: Analytical Methods Usedmentioning

confidence: 92%

Scientific Opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of nickel in food and drinking water

Publication¹

2015

EFS2

118

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EFSA received a request from the Hellenic Food Authority (EFET) for a scientific opinion on the risk to human health from the presence of nickel (Ni) in food, particularly in vegetables. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) decided to extend the risk assessment also to drinking water. The reproductive and developmental toxicity in experimental animals was selected as the critical effect for the assessment of chronic effects of Ni. A tolerable daily intake of 2.8 µg Ni/kg body weight (b.w.) per day was derived from a lower 95 % confidence limit for a benchmark dose at 10 % extra risk (BMDL 10 ) of 0.28 mg/kg b.w. for post-implantation fetal loss in rats. The current dietary exposure to Ni raises concern when considering the mean and 95th percentile chronic exposure levels for all different age groups. The systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) elicited in Ni-sensitive humans after oral exposure to Ni was selected as the critical effect suitable for the assessment of acute effects of Ni. A lowest BMDL 10 of 1.1 µg Ni/kg b.w. was derived for the incidence of SCD following oral exposure to Ni of human volunteers. The CONTAM Panel applied a margin of exposure (MOE) approach and considered an MOE of 10 to be indicative of a low health concern. The MOEs calculated considering the estimated mean and the 95th percentile acute exposure levels were considerably below 10 for all age groups. Overall, the CONTAM Panel concluded that, at the current levels of acute dietary exposure to Ni, there is a concern that Ni-sensitized individuals may develop eczematous flare-up skin reactions. The CONTAM Panel noted the need for mechanistic studies to assess the human relevance of the effects on reproduction and development observed in experimental animals and for additional studies on human absorption of nickel from food, for example in combination with duplicate diet studies. Following a call for data on Ni levels in food and drinking water (water intended for human consumption and mineral waters), a total of 18 885 food samples and 25 700 drinking water samples were available in the final dataset to estimate dietary exposure to nickel. No speciation data were provided. Samples were collected between 2003 and 2012 in 15 different European countries, with almost 80 % of the total collected in one Member State. The most reported analytical methods were inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), that represented 54 % and 42 % of the methods reported, respectively. The highest sensitivity was reported for the analysis of drinking water with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.001 µg/L (for both ICP-MS and AAS). In food, ICP-MS showed the lowest LOQ for the analysis of 'Alcoholic beverages' (0.002 µg/kg) while the lowest LOQ reported with AAS was 1 µg/kg for samples of 'Fish and seafood' and 'Sugar and confectionery'. In the final dataset, left-censored data represented 66 % of the analytical results, with 35 % in food samples and 89 % in drinking water sa...

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“…Like lead, nickel levels in cocoa chocolates were higher than in the milk-based chocolates and sugar or fruit flavoured candies. The dietary contribution of nickel has been reported to range from 200 to 900 mg/day (Schroeder, 1965;Myron et al, 1978;Clemente et al, 1980;Smart and Sherlock, 1987;Nielson and Flyvholm, 1984;Larsen et al, 2002). In Indian foods the nickel content reported by Krishnamurti and Pushpa (1991) is much higher (240-3900 mg/day).…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 90%