Nichole Bauer. <i>The Qualifications Gap: Why Women Must Be Better Than Men to Win Political Office</i>

Stauffer, Katelyn E.

doi:10.1093/poq/nfab049

Cited by 20 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Several previous studies have noted a dissonance between how fictitious and actual women politicians are perceived (Clayton et al 2020;Dolan and Lynch 2016). Many people claim to be willing or even prefer to vote for a female candidate (Schwartz and Coppock 2022;Teele, Kalla, and Rosenbluth 2018), but in practice, women candidates are evaluated against higher standards than their male counterparts (Bauer 2020). Similarly, people might not believe that women politicians in general deserve to be treated badly, but they might think hostile treatment is justified against actual political women that they know of.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining Citizen Hostility against Women Political Leaders: A Survey Experiment in the United States and Sweden

Håkansson

2023

Pol & Gen

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We know that women politicians are harassed by constituents to a greater extent than men, but we know less about why this difference exists. This study tests potential drivers of hostility against women politicans using an original survey experiment with 7,500 respondents in the United States and Sweden. First, I test whether constituents hold more lenient attitudes toward hostility directed at women than men, which would make hostility in messages targeting women representatives more likely. Second, I test whether constituents prefer to direct their complaints to women, which would increase the risk of hostility by generating a higher number of angry contacts. Results from both countries show a preference for directing complaints to women representatives over men, but no evidence of more leniency toward hostility directed at women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining Citizen Hostility against Women Political Leaders: A Survey Experiment in the United States and Sweden

Håkansson

2023

Pol & Gen

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“…To this, we added a gendered coding of issue terms. Drawing on existing categorizations (Bauer 2020b;Conroy and Green 2020;Huddy and Terkildsen 1993a), we coded all issue mentions as either feminine, masculine, or neutral. Where existing validated measures were available (e.g., Huddy and Terkildsen 1993a), we applied the validated coding.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is ample evidence that voters draw on a variety of heuristics, including gender, to simplify vote choice (Cutler 2002;Ditonto 2017;Fiske and Taylor 2013;McDermott 2005McDermott , 2009. The literature shows a clear association between power and masculinity, with men stereotyped as the most capable, competent, qualified, and likeable political candidates (Allen and Cutts 2018;Bauer 2020b;Butler and Preece 2016;Conroy 2015;Crowder-Meyer 2013;Ditonto 2017;Goodyear-Grant 2013;Holman and Schneider 2018;Pruysers and Blais 2018;Sanbonmatsu 2002). Nonetheless, much of the research on stereotypes focuses on the national and state levels (Alexander and Andersen 1993;Bauer 2020a;Bauer and Santia 2021;Conroy 2015;Dunaway et al 2013;Fowler and Lawless 2009;Jamieson 1995;Windett 2014).…”

Section: Gendered Stereotypes As An Explanation For Women's Political...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Not only is politics viewed as a male domain, but agentic traits like leadership are intertwined with perceptions of masculinity (Conroy and Green 2020). Voters associate men with assertiveness, strength, and confidence and view them as more qualified, capable, and emotionally suited for politics (Bauer 2020b;Brown, Heighberger and Shocket 1993;Ditonto 2017;Schneider and Bos 2014). Women are thought of in terms of what they lack, including deficiencies in leadership and competence (Schneider and Bos 2014, 261).…”

Section: Gendered Stereotypes As An Explanation For Women's Political...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Even so, there is a perception that municipal politics will be more open to women. Women's political style is thought to be more communal and community-minded and therefore better aligned with municipal politics (Bauer 2020b;Briggs 2000), while the issues that local governments address are stereotyped as feminine (Bauer 2020c;Brown, Heighberger and Shocket 1993;Deckman 2007;Holman 2015;Schneider 2014a; but see Hajnal and Trounstine 2010). Municipal office is viewed as less prestigious and desirable (Crowder-Meyer, Gadarian and Trounstine 2015; Holman 2017); it may thus be less competitive and potentially more hospitable to women.…”

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confidence: 99%

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‘Whiny, Fake, and I Don't Like Her Hair’: Gendered Assessments of Mayoral Candidates

Tolley

Lawlor

Fortier-Chouinard

2022

Urban Affairs Review

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Municipal mayoral elections present a compelling puzzle: what happens when gendered stereotypes about level of government conflict with those about type of office? Although local politics is viewed as communal and more feminine, the mayoral office is a prominent, prestigious position of political leadership that voters may perceive as more masculine. We intervene by analyzing open-ended comments about 32 mayoral candidates from a survey of 14,438 municipal electors in eight Canadian cities. We argue gendered trait and issue stereotypes are embedded in voters’ assessments of mayoral candidates. We find no evidence that female candidates benefit from their perceived competence in local policy issues, and they experience backlash when they display the traits typically associated with strong leaders. We conclude that, even at the level of government frequently thought of as more open to women, female mayoral candidates are disadvantaged by an enduring association between masculinity and political leadership.

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Evaluating methods for examining the relative persuasiveness of policy arguments

McDonald,

Hanmer

2023

PSRM

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Survey researchers testing the effectiveness of arguments for or against policies traditionally employ between-subjects designs. In doing so, they lose statistical power and the ability to precisely estimate public attitudes. We explore the efficacy of an approach often used to address these limitations: the repeated measures within-subjects (RMWS) design. This study tests the competing hypotheses that (1) the RMWS will yield smaller effects due to respondents' desire to maintain consistency (the “opinion anchor” hypothesis), and (2) the RMWS will yield larger effects because the researcher provides respondents with the opportunity to update their attitudes (the “opportunity to revise” hypothesis). Using two survey experiments, we find evidence for the opportunity to revise hypothesis, and discuss the implications for future survey research.

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Nichole Bauer. The Qualifications Gap: Why Women Must Be Better Than Men to Win Political Office

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Explaining Citizen Hostility against Women Political Leaders: A Survey Experiment in the United States and Sweden

Explaining Citizen Hostility against Women Political Leaders: A Survey Experiment in the United States and Sweden

‘Whiny, Fake, and I Don't Like Her Hair’: Gendered Assessments of Mayoral Candidates

Evaluating methods for examining the relative persuasiveness of policy arguments

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