Nicholas Terpstra. Review of "Lavinia Fontana: A Painter and Her Patrons in Sixteenth-Century Bologna" by Caroline P. Murphy.

From Invention Success to Commercialization Success: Technology Ventures and the Benefits of Upstream and Downstream Supply-Chain Alliances

“…For this reduced sample, it was important to check that the firms selected were indeed entrepreneurial ventures. Based on prior research, firm age was used as one of the defining criteria to distinguish entrepreneurial firms from more established firms: younger firms are generally viewed as exhibiting an entrepreneurial nature (L evesque, Joglekar, and Davies 2012; Terpstra and Olson 1993). At this point, the authors used the second data source, Compustat.…”

“…It was important to decide what might be an appropriate cut-off age for a biotech firm for it to be included in the sample. According to previous research, entrepreneurial firms generally have an age of 15 years or less (e.g., Terpstra and Olson 1993) or 10 years or less (e.g., Davila and Foster 2005). Since the drug development cycle in the biotech industry is generally taken to be about 13 years (Gassman and Reepmeyer 2005), 12 years as was selected as the cut-off age to identify whether a firm in the sample was entrepreneurial or not (Hora and Dutta 2013).…”

East Meets West

“…1227 The encounters as described above, both with other religions and other forms of Christianity, as well as different cultures and belief systems fundamentally affected European social and political order: the antagonistical patterns that befittedly describe how European Catholic responded to these differences resulted in forced conversions and purgations, numerous religious wars, merging of religion and nationalism, and forced refugees as a mass European phenomenon. 1228 Hundreds of thousands of people suffered forced migration and exile by reason of religious creed, and are often made worse by economic, political, and racial factors. 1229 In addition to the changes on social and cultural order brought by Christianity and the Church in Europe, the rise of legitimizing bodies such as parliaments and councils gains more significance as one notes the birth of the modern state, which happened shortly before or during the time when the European elites and nobles started to gain significance in European society.…”