Niche Regulation of Muscle Satellite Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation

Abstract

Muscle satellite cells have been shown to be a heterogeneous population of committed myogenic progenitors and noncommitted stem cells. This hierarchical composition of differentiating progenitors and self-renewable stem cells assures the extraordinary regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles. Recent studies have revealed a role for asymmetric division in satellite cell maintenance and offer novel insights into the regulation of satellite cell function by the niche. A thorough understanding of the molecular regulation and cell fate determination of satellite cells and other potential stem cells resident in muscle is essential for successful stem cell-based therapies to treat muscular diseases.

Adiponectin as a tissue regenerating hormone: more than a metabolic function

“…when muscle damage occurs, satellite cells are immediately activated; they begin to proliferate and induce the expression of myogenic regulatory factors [44]. Activation of satellite cells requires the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [45].…”

Muscle Satellite Cell Protein Teneurin-4 Regulates Differentiation During Muscle Regeneration

“…However, once the muscle tissue is damaged, satellite cells become activated and begin to proliferate, followed by differentiation into myoblasts. Then, multinucleated myofibers are formed to complete the tissue repair 12. Some of satellite cells do not commit to the differentiation process, but self‐renew to maintain their own population 12.…”

“…Then, multinucleated myofibers are formed to complete the tissue repair 12. Some of satellite cells do not commit to the differentiation process, but self‐renew to maintain their own population 12. Ablation of CSL (CBF1/suppressor of hairless/LAG‐1) (RBP‐J) or Hesr1 and Hesr3, which are key molecules in Notch signaling for the quiescence of satellite cells, forces to exit from the quiescent phase, and promotes proliferation and differentiation.…”

Transplanted Mesoangioblasts Require Macrophage IL-10 for Survival in a Mouse Model of Muscle Injury

“…In response to muscle injuries, quiescent satellite cells undergo activation, proliferate, and fuse with each other or with damaged fibers (26). Other sources of myogenic precursors, mostly of mesodermic origin, have been identified (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) including mesoangioblasts from the embryonic dorsal aorta and their counterparts associated with microvascular walls in the adult skeletal muscle, pericytes (37), and have been shown to contribute to muscle regeneration (36,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42).…”