“…Ammonia (NH 3 ) is an important building block for both the chemical and agriculture industries due to its wide applications, including fertilizers, plastics, and textiles. − It is also an attractive carbon-free energy carrier with portability and high hydrogen density. However, industrial-scale NH 3 is produced via the Haber–Bosch process under harsh operating conditions, which is due to the over-reliance on fossil fuels, resulting in massive CO 2 emission and extensive energy consumption. − Recently, electrochemical nitrogen reduction reactions (NRRs) have attracted great interest because of their mild operating conditions and high compatibility with green energy.…”