Ni–Mg–Al Catalysts Effectively Promote Depolymerization of Rice Husk Lignin to Bio-Oil

Efficient and controllable ultrasound-assisted depolymerization of organosolv lignin catalyzed to liquid fuels by MCM-41 supported phosphotungstic acid

“…The phenolic monomer (PM) depolymerization products were identied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (Agilent 7890/5978, USA) using a 30 m  0.25 mm  0.25 mm capillary column (HP-5MS). 1,46 The quantitative analysis was based on a 1 mL gas chromatography-ame ionization detector (GC-FID). 1,46 The yields of PM, bio-oil (BO), bio-char (BC), LF and lignin conversion (LC) were calculated using the following equations:…”

“…1,46 The quantitative analysis was based on a 1 mL gas chromatography-ame ionization detector (GC-FID). 1,46 The yields of PM, bio-oil (BO), bio-char (BC), LF and lignin conversion (LC) were calculated using the following equations:…”

“…But when the reaction temperature further increases to 350 C, the PM and BO depolymerization product yields decline to 6.01 wt% and 83.43 wt% respectively; meanwhile, the production rate of BC improves, which indicates that the recombination of low-molecular-weight small lignin fragments can occur at higher reaction temperature during the catalytic depolymerization process (leading to formation of more BC depolymerization product). 46,59 Thus, the catalytic depolymerization reaction of OL is not favored at high reaction temperature. A similar trend can be seen in the yields and distributions of the various depolymerization products of catalytic depolymerization of OL when the reaction time varies (Fig.…”

Visible-Light-Active Zn–Fe Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) for the Photocatalytic Conversion of Rice Husk Extract to Value-Added Products

“…Here, we observed that, due to the complex reactions in the photocatalytic process within the rice husk extract, it was quite challenging to infer reaction mechanism that clearly explained all conversion reactions occurring in photocatalytic reaction of the rice husk extract. However, based on the reported literature [4,5,[43][44][45], it can be presumed herein that a series of reactions involving Brønsted and Lewis acids occurred, resulting in a variety of key products. A proposed mechanism is shown in Figure 10, in which major compounds present in the rice husk extract, are associated with photocatalytic conversion mechanisms in the presence of Zn-Fe LDH.…”

“…Here, we observed that, due to the complex reactions in the photocatalytic process within the rice husk extract, it was quite challenging to infer a reaction mechanism that clearly explained all the conversion reactions occurring in photocatalytic reaction of the rice husk extract. However, based on the reported literature [4,5,[43][44][45], it can be presumed herein that a Alkanes after the photocatalytic reaction: Table 2 displays the data relevant to the peaks of alkane-containing compounds after the photocatalytic reaction. The amount of aliphatic compounds was high as compared to that of other compounds detected in the sample after the photocatalytic reaction.…”