“…Another set of energy-focused WEF nexus studies examined trade-offs in biomass production, mainly for household cooking (and some power), such as from biogas, fuelwood, and charcoal. When there is heavy dependence on traditional biomass for energy sources in rural households, very common in Africa, there are trade-offs between environmental conservation (deforestation, biodiversity, soil productivity, water quality, and quantity losses), energy access, and agricultural productivitydwhich has implications for food security (Hoffman et al, 2017;Kougias et al, 2018;Stein et al, 2018;Martins, 2018). Another trade-off is the usage of livestock dung as a fuel source for domestic energy but can deplete soil fertility, which negatively impacts the value of harvested crops (Mekonnen et al, 2017).…”