Nexus Between the COVID-19 Dynamics and Environmental Pollution Indicators in South America

Bilal, B; Bashir, Muhammad Farhan; Komal, Bushra; Benghoul, Maroua; Bashir, Muhammad Adnan; Tan, Debao

doi:10.2147/rmhp.s290153

Cited by 26 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…Coker and colleagues found that a 1 μg/m 3 increase in long-term exposure to PM 2.5 was associated with a 9% increase in COVID-19 related mortality in Northern Italy [ 29 ]. Similar studies have been conducted also in other countries [ 17 , 20 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 30 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 38 , 39 , 41 – 43 , 45 ]. A study by Wu and colleagues investigating on the association between PM 2.5 exposure and risk of COVID-19 death in the United States found that an increase of 1 μg/m 3 in PM 2.5 was associated with an 8% increase in the COVID-19 death rate [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

Pégoraro¹,

Heiman²,

Levante³

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

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Background Several studies have been focusing on the potential role of atmospheric pollutants in the diffusion and impact on health of Covid-19. This study’s objective was to estimate the association between ≤10 μm diameter particulate matter (PM10) exposure and the likelihood of experiencing pneumonia due to Covid-19 using individual-level data in Italy. Methods Information on Covid-19 patients was retrieved from the Italian IQVIA® Longitudinal Patient Database (LPD), a computerized network of general practitioners (GPs) including anonymous data on patients’ consultations and treatments. All patients with a Covid-19 diagnosis during March 18th, 2020 – June 30th, 2020 were included in the study. The date of first Covid-19 registration was the starting point of the 3-month follow-up (Index Date). Patients were classified based on Covid-19-related pneumonia registrations on the Index date and/or during follow-up presence/absence. Each patient was assigned individual exposure by calculating average PM10 during the 30-day period preceding the Index Date, and according to GP’s office province. A multiple generalized linear mixed model, mixed-effects logistic regression, was used to assess the association between PM10 exposure tertiles and the likelihood of experiencing pneumonia. Results Among 6483 Covid-19 patients included, 1079 (16.6%) had a diagnosis of pneumonia. Pneumonia patients were older, more frequently men, more health-impaired, and had a higher individual-level exposure to PM10 during the month preceding Covid-19 diagnosis. The mixed-effects model showed that patients whose PM10 exposure level fell in the second tertile had a 30% higher likelihood of having pneumonia than that of first tertile patients, and the risk for those who were in the third tertile was almost doubled. Conclusion The consistent findings toward a positive association between PM10 levels and the likelihood of experiencing pneumonia due to Covid-19 make the implementation of new strategies to reduce air pollution more and more urgent.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

Pégoraro¹,

Heiman²,

Levante³

et al. 2021

BMC Public Health

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“…Existing literature suggests that higher environmental pollution is responsible for several health issues. Several recent studies have implied that the risk of contracting COVID-19 is significantly higher where the people are exposed to environmental pollutants (Bilal et al 2021b;Burke et al 2020;Iqbal et al 2020). Data for meteorological indicators have been taken from the National weather service, USA; data for environmental and air pollutants (EQI and PM 2.5 ) have been taken from the Environmental Pollution Agency (E.P.A.).…”

Section: Data Specificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental quality, climate indicators, and COVID-19 pandemic: insights from top 10 most affected states of the USA

Bilal

Bashir

Shahzad

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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In the current context of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers are working with health professionals to inform governments on how to formulate health strategies. In this study, we examine the correlation between environmental and climate indicators and COVID-19 outbreak in the top 10 most affected states of the USA. In doing so, PM 2.5 , temperature, humidity, environmental quality index, and rainfall are included as crucial meteorological and environmental factors. Kendall and Spearman rank correlation coefficients, quantile regression, and log-linear negative binominal analysis are employed as an estimation strategy. The empirical estimates conclude that temperature, humidity, environmental quality index, PM 2.5 , and rainfall are significant factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the top 10 most affected states of the USA. The empirical findings of the current study would serve as key policy input to mitigate the rapid spread of COVID-19 across the USA.

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“…Previous study shows that COVID-19 confirmed cases is significantly positively associated with PM 2.5 , PM 10 , CO, and NO 2 , and negatively associated with SO 2 by using the GAM model (Liu et al 2021 ). And research on the spread of COVID-19 and environmental quality showed that PM 10 , NO 2 , CO, and O 3 are significant factors in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in South America (Bilal et al 2021a ). Our findings are partially consistent with these results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In South America, correlation analysis and wavelet transform coherence were used to explore the relationship between environmental pollution indicators and the spread of COVID-19. Results showed that PM 10 , NO 2 , CO, and O 3 are significant factors in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic (Bilal et al 2021a ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of air pollution on COVID-19 pandemic varied within different cities in South America using different models

Huang

Lin

Liu

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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There is a rising concern that air pollution plays an important role in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the results were not consistent on the association between air pollution and the spread of COVID-19. In the study, air pollution data and the confirmed cases of COVID-19 were both gathered from five severe cities across three countries in South America. Daily real-time population regeneration ( R t ) was calculated to assess the spread of COVID-19. Two frequently used models, generalized additive models (GAM) and multiple linear regression, were both used to explore the impact of environmental pollutants on the epidemic. Wide ranges of all six air pollutants were detected across the five cities. Spearman’s correlation analysis confirmed the positive correlation within six pollutants. Rt value showed a gradual decline in all the five cities. Further analysis showed that the association between air pollution and COVID-19 varied across five cities. According to our research results, even for the same region, varied models gave inconsistent results. For example, in Sao Paulo, both models show SO 2 and O 3 are significant independent variables, however, the GAM model shows that PM 10 has a nonlinear negative correlation with R t , while PM 10 has no significant correlation in the multiple linear model. Moreover, in the case of multiple regions, currently used models should be selected according to local conditions. Our results indicate that there is a significant relationship between air pollution and COVID-19 infection, which will help states, health practitioners, and policy makers in combating the COVID-19 pandemic in South America. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-15508-8.

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Nexus Between the COVID-19 Dynamics and Environmental Pollution Indicators in South America

Cited by 26 publications

References 52 publications

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

An Italian individual-level data study investigating on the association between air pollution exposure and Covid-19 severity in primary-care setting

Environmental quality, climate indicators, and COVID-19 pandemic: insights from top 10 most affected states of the USA

The impact of air pollution on COVID-19 pandemic varied within different cities in South America using different models

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