Nexus between Agricultural Land Use, Economic Growth and N2O Emissions in Canada: Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve?

Abstract

The present study investigates the relationship between nitrous oxide emissions and economic growth using the ARDL bounds testing approach in Canada over the period of 1970–2020. The agricultural land use and exports are included in the estimated models as additional control variables. The empirical findings confirmed the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis when total N2O emissions are used as a dependent variable in the case of Canada, and similar results are found when we used agricultural induced N2O emissions as a dependent variable. The results also indicate that Canada is already in the decreasing segment of the Kuznets curve, and the turning point of GDP per capita for the total N2O emissions is $41,718, while for agricultural induced N2O emissions, it is $38,825. Our empirical evidence confirms that agricultural land use had a positive and significant effect on total N2O emissions, while a negative but insignificant effect in the case of agricultural induced N2O emissions. However, Canadian exports are negatively associated with total N2O emissions as well as agricultural induced N2O emissions, but it requires more stringent laws to curb N2O emissions-oriented exports to keep the ecosystem in balance in the short-run and intends to meet its long-term target of reducing emissions as it progresses towards Canada’s 2050 net-zero ambition.

Economic driving characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution and prevention suggestions: a case study from Shandong province in China

“…The EKC curve is also widely used in studying the agricultural economy and the environment. Some studies have supported the existence of EKC to a certain extent (Rej et al, 2022;Hossain et al, 2023;Rahman et al, 2023), and pointed out that the shape of EKC in developed and developing countries are different (Haider et al, 2022;Pang and Wang, 2023;Zhao et al, 2023), and some developed countries are already in the downward stage of the Kuznets curve, but in most of the developing countries it is an inverted U-shape, especially in the low-income countries.…”

“…With the deepening of research and China's green sustainable development, more scholars have studied the relationship between ANSP andAEG (Shang et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2021;Cui et al, 2023), trying to explore the development trend of pollution and economy, to provide ideas for realizing the coordinated development of agricultural pollution and economy. The most representative of theories is the EKC hypothesis, and many studies support the existence of EKC to some extent (Destek and Sarkodie, 2019;Gokmenoglu et al, 2019;Rej et al, 2022;Hossain et al, 2023;Lu et al, 2023;Rahman et al, 2023), and point out that there are differences in developed and developing countries (Haider et al, 2022;Zhao et al, 2023). Meanwhile, domestic scholars have also studied the relationship between ANSP and economic development based on data from the whole country or individual provinces (Cui et al, 2023;Lin et al, 2021;Shang et al, 2019;Yu et al, 2016), and the results show that there is heterogeneity in the EKC curves of different provinces, and that the results of the study of ANSP are affected by several factors, such as the object of the study, the sample data, the time scale, the geographical characteristics and the research method.…”

The growth of the Indian agro-based industry and its emissions: industrial relevance of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis

“…The study explores whether Indian economic growth positively or negatively affects its fertilizers emission levels. It considers gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC) to measure economic growth, which has been the most commonly used economic growth indicator in studies (Haider et al , 2022; Khan et al , 2020). At the same time, industrialization is one of the key drivers of GHGs emissions, especially when industrial activities are carried out without proper measures (Kwakwa, 2021; Rai and Rawat, 2022).…”

Crecimiento económico y contaminación ambiental. Un análisis estadístico de América del Norte en el APEC

“…En Canadá, las investigaciones se orientan a su incidencia en el bienestar de la sociedad; al manejo adecuado de los recursos naturales; el impacto ambiental local y provincial de las actividades económicas; los costos y consecuencias de la producción de energía no renovable (petróleo y gas natural); los incentivos para la producción de energía renovable; y, al establecimiento de políticas nacionales y provinciales para combatir el cambio climático y reducir los volúmenes de contaminación ambiental (Chaudhary et al, 2020;Gandin & Nava, 2015;Haider et al, 2022;Martínez, 2012;Sobrado, 2021).…”