Next-generation engineered nanogold for multimodal cancer therapy and imaging: a clinical perspectives

Abstract

Cancer is one of the significant threats to human life. Although various latest technologies are currently available to treat cancer, it still accounts for millions of death each year worldwide. Thus, creating a need for more developed and novel technologies to combat this deadly condition. Nanoparticles-based cancer therapeutics have offered a promising approach to treat cancer effectively while minimizing adverse events. Among various nanoparticles, nanogold (AuNPs) are biocompatible and have proved their efficiency in treating cancer because they can reach tumors via enhanced permeability and retention effect. The size and shape of the AuNPs are responsible for their diverse therapeutic behavior. Thus, to modulate their therapeutic values, the AuNPs can be synthesized in various shapes, such as spheres, cages, flowers, shells, prisms, rods, clusters, etc. Also, attaching AuNPs with single or multiple targeting agents can facilitate the active targeting of AuNPs to the tumor tissue. The AuNPs have been much explored for photothermal therapy (PTT) to treat cancer. In addition to PTT, AuNPs-based nanoplatforms have been investigated for combinational multimodal therapies in the last few years, including photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, etc., to ablate cancer cells. Thus, the present review focuses on the recent advancements in the functionalization of AuNPs-based nanoconstructs for cancer imaging and therapy using combinatorial multimodal approaches to treat various cancers. Graphical Abstract

Albumin-Modified Gold Nanoparticles as Novel Radiosensitizers for Enhancing Lung Cancer Radiotherapy

“…39 As an alternative option, metal-based nanomaterials, especially high-Z materials (eg, Au, bismuth, platinum, gadolinium), have been used in experimental and clinical applications as common radiosensitizers. [40][41][42] Owing to the emission of low-energy photoelectrons and the interaction of Auger electrons, high-Z nanomaterials can absorb, scatter, and eradicate radiation energy. Moreover, when compared with other metal-based nanomaterials, Au-based nanomaterials are most widely used for this purpose, owing to the following advantages it offers: 1) a strong X-ray attenuation 1960 capability that makes it suitable for use in computer tomography (CT) imaging contrast agent and radiosensitizer [43][44][45] ; 2) as it can be easily surface-modified and embedded in structures such as liposomes and polymer particles, it is frequently used in different tumor treatment protocols; 3) as an inert metal, it exhibits good biocompatibility and low biotoxicity.…”

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems for synergistic delivery of tumor therapy

“…Cationic gold nanoparticles can be combined with negatively charged nucleic acids and delivered to target cells. Some studies showed that the surface modification of AuNP can improve its stability, such as in cationic carbosilane dendrites ( Alle et al, 2022 ). It is possible to realize polygenic delivery of nanoparticles through LbL assembly technology.…”

Ứng Dụng Nano Vàng Trong Hỗ Trợ Chẩn Đoán Và Điều Trị Ung Thư

“…Tuy nhiên, xạ trị có thể gây ra tình trạng kháng lại của khối u và đòi hỏi liều bức xạ cao hơn để điều trị ở lần kế tiếp. Nhưng với liều điều trị cao này có thể gây ra tổn thương không muốn có cho các tế bào bình thường xung quanh mô khối u [51]. Do đó, để cải thiện độ hấp thụ bức xạ, các chất làm nhạy cảm bức xạ được đề xuất sử dụng nhằm làm tăng tổn thương cho các mô khối u trong khi giảm tổn thương cho các mô bình thường trong sử dụng liệu pháp RT.…”