“…Furthermore, individual traits such as age, gender, and income are related to perceptions of information overload ( Holton & Chyi, 2012 ; Ji et al, 2014 ; Schmitt et al, 2018 ). Although the influence of individual factors differs among countries, people who are younger, female, less affluent, and less educated generally experience higher levels of news overload ( Goyanes, 2014 ; Ji et al, 2014 ; S. K. Lee et al, 2016 ; Schmitt et al, 2018 ). In addition, people with lower information-seeking self-efficacy ( Schmitt et al, 2018 ) and news efficacy ( Park, 2019 ) are more likely to experience news overload.…”