Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein Degrades Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling Protein To Inhibit Host Type I Interferon Production via E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF5

Abstract

Paramyxovirus establishes an intimate and complex interaction with the host cell to counteract the antiviral responses elicited by the cell. Of the various pattern recognition receptors in the host, the cytosolic RNA helicases interact with viral RNA to activate the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and subsequent cellular interferon (IFN) response. On the other hand, viruses explore multiple strategies to resist host immunity. In this study, we found that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection induced MAVS degradation. Further analysis showed that NDV V protein degraded MAVS through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to inhibit IFN-␤ production. Moreover, NDV V protein led to proteasomal degradation of MAVS through Lys362 and Lys461 ubiquitin to prevent IFN production. Further studies showed that NDV V protein recruited E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF5 to polyubiquitinate and degrade MAVS. Compared with levels for wild-type NDV infection, V-deficient NDV induced attenuated MAVS degradation and enhanced IFN-␤ production at the late stage of infection. Several other paramyxovirus V proteins showed activities of degrading MAVS and blocking IFN production similar to those of NDV V protein. The present study revealed a novel role of NDV V protein in targeting MAVS to inhibit cellular IFN production, which reinforces the fact that the virus orchestrates the cellular antiviral response to its own benefit. IMPORTANCE Host anti-RNA virus innate immunity relies mainly on the recognition by retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 and subsequently initiates downstream signaling through interaction with MAVS. On the other hand, viruses have developed various strategies to counteract MAVSmediated signaling. The mechanism for paramyxoviruses regulating MAVS to benefit their infection remains unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that the V proteins of NDV and several other paramyxoviruses target MAVS for ubiquitin-mediated degradation through E3 ubiquitin ligase RING-finger protein 5 (RNF5). MAVS degradation leads to the inhibition of the downstream IFN-␤ pathway and therefore benefits virus proliferation. Our study reveals a novel mechanism of NDV evading host innate immunity and provides insight into the therapeutic strategies for the control of paramyxovirus infection.

iRhom2: An Emerging Adaptor Regulating Immunity and Disease

“…Regardless of how the interaction is induced, once the complex is complete, innate immune antiviral responses can ensue via activation of IRF-3 and NF-κB signaling [157,158]. MAVS can be sent off for proteasomal mediated degradation by several E3 ubiquitin ligases including the E3 ligases Ring Finger Protein 5 (RNF5) and membrane-associated ring finger (C3HC4) 5 (MARCH5) [159,160]. In the absence of iRhom2, murine innate immunity to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) infection was considerably impaired leading to neurological symptoms in all iRhom2 deficient mice compared to 60% of wild-type mice.…”

Newcastle Disease Virus Inhibits the Proliferation of T Cells Induced by Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

“…NDV strains are classified as velogenic, mesogenic, or lentogenic strains. It has been reported that NDV suppresses the innate immune response through V protein-mediated MDA5, phospho-STAT1 and MAVS degradation ( 1 , 2 ). NDV is reported to have distinct influences on dendritic cells (DCs) during the early stage of NDV infection, including activation of the DCs and cross-priming of naïve T cells into tumor-specific T cells ( 3 , 4 ).…”

The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF5 Facilitates SARS-CoV-2 Membrane Protein-Mediated Virion Release

“…It is implicated in ERAD, cell motility and also negative regulation of autophagy and ER stress (27)(28)(29)(30). Several studies have shown the connection between RNF5 and antiviral response: RNF5 negatively regulates virustriggered signaling by targeting STING and MAVS for ubiquitination and degradation at mitochondria (31,32); Newcastle Disease Virus V Protein degrades MAVS by recruiting RNF5 to polyubiquitinate MAVS (33). So far, we have limited knowledge about whether RNF5 could function as the E3 ligase of viral proteins to regulate viral release.…”