New World screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) myiasis in feral swine of Uruguay: One Health and transboundary disease implications

Abstract

Background Feral swine (Sus scrofa) are highly invasive and threaten animal and human health in the Americas. The screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) is listed by the World Organization for Animal Health as a notifiable infestation because myiasis cases affect livestock, wildlife, and humans in endemic areas, and outbreaks can have major socioeconomic consequences in regions where the screwworm has been eradicated. However, a knowledge gap exists on screwworm infestation of feral swine in South America, where the screwworm is endemic. Here, we report screwworm infestation of feral swine harvested in Artigas Department (Uruguay), where the Republic of Uruguay shares borders with Brazil and Argentina. Methods Myiasis caused by the larvae of screwworm were identified in feral swine with the support and collaboration of members of a local feral swine hunting club over a 3-year period in the Department of Artigas. Harvested feral swine were examined for the presence of lesions where maggots causing the myiasis could be sampled and processed for taxonomic identification. The sites of myiasis on the body of infested feral swine and geospatial data for each case were recorded. The sex and relative size of each feral swine were also recorded. Temperature and precipitation profiles for the region were obtained from public sources. Results Myiases caused by screwworms were recorded in 27 of 618 the feral swine harvested. Cases detected in males weighing > 40 kg were associated with wounds that, due to their location, were likely caused by aggressive dominance behavior between adult males. The overall prevalence of screwworm infestation in the harvested feral swine was associated with ambient temperature, but not precipitation. Case numbers peaked in the warmer spring and summer months. Conclusions This is the first report on myiasis in feral swine caused by screwworm in South America. In contrast to myiasis in cattle, which can reach deep into host tissues, screwworms in feral swine tended to cause superficial infestation. The presence of feral swine in screwworm endemic areas represents a challenge to screwworm management in those areas. Screwworm populations maintained by feral swine may contribute to human cases in rural areas of Uruguay, which highlights the importance of the One Health approach to the study of this invasive host species–ectoparasite interaction.

First report of myiasis caused by Cochliomyia hominivorax in free-ranging giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)

“…The records of myiasis in endangered species such as jaguars (May-Junior, 2021), giant otters reported herein, and invasive vertebrate species like feral hogs (Altuna et al, 2021), demonstrate the importance of studies on the impact of these parasites on wildlife.…”

Revisión de las interacciones ecológicas de la mosca Cochliomyia hominivorax y evaluación de los posibles impactos ecológicos de su erradicación en Uruguay

“…Myiasis is more frequently described among wild hosts in zoos, and even today, there are few reports in wild animals (13) . Some of the wild animals in which myiasis has been recorded are the Texas opossum (Didelphis virginiana texensis [Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae]) (14) , the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis [Artiodactyla: Bovidae]) (15) , the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus [Artiodactyla: Cervidae]) (14) (16) , the key pygmy deer (O. virginianus clavium) (17) , the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus [Artiodactyla: Cervidae]) (18) , the fallow deer (Dama dama [Artiodactyla: Cervidae]) (17) , the wild boar (Sus scrofa [Artiodactyla: Suidae]) (19)(20)(21) , the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris [Rodentia: Caviidae]) (22) , the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus [Carnivora: Canidae]) (13) , the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis [Carnivora: Felidae]) (23) , the jaguar (Panthera onca [Carnivora: Felidae]) (24) , the lesser grison (Galictis cuja [Carnivora: Mustelidae]) (25) , and the rhea (Rhea americana [Struthioniformes: Rheidae]) (18) . Also, C. hominivorax parasites have been described, such as the Trichotrombidium muscarum mite (Acari: Prostigmata), mainly affecting adults (26) .…”

Does tail docking prevent Cochliomyia hominivorax myiasis in sheep? A six-year retrospective cohort study

“…All suspected cases should be reported to the relevant state or territory government animal health authority (Australian Government 2023 ). In Brazil, C. hominivorax is the main aetiologic agent of animal myiasis (Costa-Júnior et al 2019 ) and is endemic in South America (Altuna et al 2021 ). The larvae of this blowfly have an obligatory biontophagous feeding habit, feeding on the living tissues of warm-blooded animals.…”