New way to realize miniaturized complex optical systems in high volume

Until very recently, handheld spectrometers were the domain of major analytical and security instrument companies, with turnkey analyzers using spectroscopic techniques from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis (metals), to Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared (NIR) for molecular analysis (mostly organics). However, the past few years have seen rapid changes in this landscape with the introduction of handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), smartphone spectroscopy focusing on medical diagnostics for low-resource areas, commercial engines that a variety of companies can build up into products, hyphenated or dual technology instruments, low-cost visible-shortwave NIR instruments selling directly to the public, and, most recently, portable hyperspectral imaging instruments. Successful handheld instruments are designed to give answers to non-scientist operators; therefore, their developers have put extensive resources into reliable identification algorithms, spectroscopic libraries or databases, and qualitative and quantitative calibrations. As spectroscopic instruments become smaller and lower cost, ''engines'' have emerged, leading to the possibility of being incorporated in consumer devices and smart appliances, part of the Internet of Things (IOT). This review outlines the technologies used in portable spectroscopy, discusses their applications, both qualitative and quantitative, and how instrument developers and vendors have approached giving actionable answers to non-scientists. It outlines concerns on crowdsourced data, especially for heterogeneous samples, and finally looks towards the future in areas like IOT, emerging technologies for instruments, and portable hyphenated and hyperspectral instruments.

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“…5), which they call ''place and bend assembly.'' 161 This is probably just one example as others are likely to be proprietary. 162…”

Section: Micro-electro-mechanical Systems and Micro-electrical-mechanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Spectroscopy

Crocombe¹

2018

Appl Spectrosc

377

233

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“…The fourth revolution of science and technology provides a new driving force for the development of high-temperature metal component 3D size and morphology measurements. The accuracy and speed of measurement systems will continue to be improved, and miniaturized measurement systems, such as the low-depth camera systems of mobile phones [ 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 ], will continue to be produced. The following is an analysis of and outlook on the future development trends of the measurement of high-temperature metal components with stereo vision:…”

Section: Future Development Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Morphology and Size Measurement of High-Temperature Metal Components Based on Machine Vision Technology: A Review

Wen

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Sensors

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The three-dimensional (3D) size and morphology of high-temperature metal components need to be measured in real time during manufacturing processes, such as forging and rolling. Since the surface temperature of a metal component is very high during the forming and manufacturing process, manually measuring the size of a metal component at a close distance is difficult; hence, a non-contact measurement technology is required to complete the measurement. Recently, machine vision technology has been developed, which is a non-contact measurement technology that only needs to capture multiple images of a measured object to obtain the 3D size and morphology information, and this technology can be used in some extreme conditions. Machine vision technology has been widely used in industrial, agricultural, military and other fields, especially fields involving various high-temperature metal components. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of machine vision technology in measuring the 3D size and morphology of high-temperature metal components. Furthermore, according to the principle and method of measuring equipment structures, this review highlights two aspects in detail: laser scanning measurement and multi-view stereo vision technology. Special attention is paid to each method through comparisons and analyses to provide essential technical references for subsequent researchers.

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“…Furthermore, research on 3D cameras has been conducted actively over recent years in accordance with the increasing demand for information measurement in the real world beyond simply capturing 2D images. The recent trend of minimizing the size and cost of 3D cameras in many applications, such as smartphones, entertainment, remote sensing for facial recognition, motion detectors, and 3D surface imaging, has motivated research into the miniaturization of 3D cameras [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Moreover, small unmanned aerial systems (sUAS) that include 3D cameras have the potential to offer an anti-collision function and environmental remote sensing; for example, civil and military sUAS with 3D cameras are used in unexpected scenarios during emergencies [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized 3D Depth Sensing-Based Smartphone Light Field Camera

Kim

Lee

et al. 2020

Sensors

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The miniaturization of 3D depth camera systems to reduce cost and power consumption is essential for their application in electrical devices that are trending toward smaller sizes (such as smartphones and unmanned aerial systems) and in other applications that cannot be realized via conventional approaches. Currently, equipment exists for a wide range of depth-sensing devices, including stereo vision, structured light, and time-of-flight. This paper reports on a miniaturized 3D depth camera based on a light field camera (LFC) configured with a single aperture and a micro-lens array (MLA). The single aperture and each micro-lens of the MLA serve as multi-camera systems for 3D surface imaging. To overcome the optical alignment challenge in the miniaturized LFC system, the MLA was designed to focus by attaching it to an image sensor. Theoretical analysis of the optical parameters was performed using optical simulation based on Monte Carlo ray tracing to find the valid optical parameters for miniaturized 3D camera systems. Moreover, we demonstrated multi-viewpoint image acquisition via a miniaturized 3D camera module integrated into a smartphone.

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New way to realize miniaturized complex optical systems in high volume

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

Portable Spectroscopy

Portable Spectroscopy

Three-Dimensional Morphology and Size Measurement of High-Temperature Metal Components Based on Machine Vision Technology: A Review

Miniaturized 3D Depth Sensing-Based Smartphone Light Field Camera

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