New Therapeutic Agents in Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Disorders: Molecular and Cellular Insights

Abstract

Several studies emphasized the impact of obesity in a healthy lifespan, association with important health risks for humans, although some studies mentioned a decrease in mortality among not obese but overweight patients in intensive care. Both clinical observations and experimental studies performed in systemic and cellular levels, suggest a complex relationship between human obesity and chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The harmful metabolic alterations, at most, associated with visceral adiposity are main contributors to those of above diseases. Of note, it has been also shown that the most of obesity-related dysfunctions are due to the from dyshomeostasis in the central nervous, besides adipose tissue accumulation in mammals. Despite specific altered signaling mechanisms, the accumulation and deposition of fat are resulting in a chronic energy imbalance, and thereby a high circulating level of free fatty acids in tissues, whifh further leads to increase in body weight and several metabolic disturbances in organs. In general aspects, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome characterized by insulin resistance besides others are marked syndromes associated with alterations in metabolic and endocrine systems in obesity, as well. New therapeutic agents in clinical approaches to overcome the CVD in obese individuals are including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, β 3 -adrenergic receptor agonists, and agents associated with weight loss. It is well-accepted that obesity is an important syndrome leading to increases the risk of complications in several organ systems. Therefore, there are several recent approaches to use combined therapies to maintain the organ functions in obesity-related disorders.