New technologies for vaccine development

Abstract

Vaccines offer protection against infectious diseases, but the successes from the years of development have been mixed. Some diseases have been effectively controlled or eradicated through vaccination, whereas treatments for a number of diseases, especially the reemerging diseases, currently do not exist. Improved understanding of pathogen variability as well as of the diversity of the human immune system, plus technological advances in genetic and molecular biology provide better insights in the hostpathogen interaction and new avenues for vaccine development. In this article we discuss the latest trends in vaccine research with focus on epitope-based DNA vaccines and trafficking components for efficient vaccine delivery. These approaches are promising in dealing with host and pathogen diversity as well as with diversity within human populations. Drug Dev.

Dominant T‐cell epitopes of filarial BmALT‐2 and their cytokine profile in BALB/c mice

“…T‐cell epitope‐based vaccines are increasingly being used successfully for many diseases such as cancer, autoimmune conditions and viral infections. A combination of multiple T‐cell epitopes from a particular pathogen, or antigen, represents a convenient target for peptide vaccines (11). Thus, it is relevant to identify the T‐cell epitopes of a major filarial vaccine candidate, ALT‐2.…”

“…They are reported to be involved in maintaining infection by their immunomodulatory function (1,8) and to be a potential vaccine candidate that shows 74–76% protection in animal models (6,9,10). Identifying peptides of promising vaccine antigens that bind T cells is a prerequisite for the development of epitope‐based vaccines to elicit potent cellular responses (11). Especially, for a disease such as filariasis in which the T‐cell immunity is severely hampered, it is necessary to design a vaccine that will boost the T‐cell responses.…”

Exploring Leishmania secretory proteins to design B and T cell multi-epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach

“…With the discoveries of newer technologies, the conventional empirical approaches to vaccine development have given a way to design rational vaccines 18 . Improved understanding of pathogen variability as well as the diversity of the human immune system, plus technological advances in genetic and molecular biology provide better insights in the host–pathogen interaction and new avenues for vaccine development 19 . In past decade, important advances have been made in the field of the basic immunology.…”

Particulate Systems as Adjuvants and Carriers for Peptide and Protein Antigens

“…These new types of vaccines offer improved reproducibility and safety, and are generally far less reactogenic and thus much better tolerated. However, the main problems are that they often show poor immunogenicity and low bioavailability, which necessitate suitable delivery systems to render them effective [6][7][8].…”