New technological approaches for recovering bioactive food constituents from sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) stems

Abstract

Introduction In recent years, an increasing interest in biological properties of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) stems has resulted in increased attention for advanced extraction techniques and their optimisation. Objectives In the present study chemical profiles of P. avium stems extracts obtained by selected emerging technologies, such as pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), under different experimental conditions were compared. Material and Methods All SFEs were carried out at 40°C in a dynamic mode with different solvent combinations (CO2 plus ethanol at 7 and 15%) and pressures (150 and 300 bar). The PLE experiments were performed in a static mode for all tested combinations of extraction solvent (ethanol–water from 0% to 100%) at temperatures ranging from 40 to 200°C. A complete analytical characterisation of cherry stem extracts was performed by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS). Results PLE showed to be more efficient than SFE removing a wide variety of compounds with different polarities being phenols the most abundant, whereas SFE resulted in a higher amount of fatty acids and derivatives. Chemical characterisation of the extracts was carried out by HPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS yielding in total 42 identified compounds, among which 22 compounds were identified in P. avium stems for the first time. Conclusion These results point out the possibility of sweet cherry stem extracts to be incorporated in formulations manufactured by food and pharmaceutical industry. Also, these new thermal and high‐pressure industrial technologies proved to be promising candidates in the valorisation of sweet cherry by‐product.

Cherry stem phenolic compounds: Optimization of extraction conditions and in vitro evaluations of antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti‐inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities

“…The previous studies about cherry stem reported that it had quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, rutin (Ademović et al, 2017), gallic acid, epicatechin, naringenin, caffeic acid, p‐coumaric acid, vanillic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol and some of their derivatives (Nastić et al, 2020). In another study, caffeic acid (91.3–11.4 mg/kg), ferulic acid (220–231 mg/kg), pyrogallol (261–262 mg/kg), coumaric acid (161 mg/kg), gallic acid (41.1–50.3 mg/kg), ellagic acid (71.1 mg/kg), and quercetin (116 mg/kg) were identified in the water and ethanol extract of the cherry stem (Bursal et al., 2013).…”

“…Up to now, although the cherry fruit phenolics have been widely studied (Aires et al., 2017; Chaovanalikit & Wrolstad, 2004; de Souza et al., 2014), the number of the studies about extraction of the cherry stem phenolics and investigation of their bioactive compounds and their biological activities in detail are limited (Bastos et al., 2015; Bursal, Köksal, Gülçin, Bilsel, & Gören, 2013; Jesus, Gonçalves, Alves, & Silva, 2019; Švarc‐Gajić et al, 2018; Topaloğlu, 2015). The studies about cherry stem reported that it had some volatile compounds (hydrocarbon and oxygenated terpenes) (Piccirillo, Demiray, Ferreira, Pintado, & Castro, 2013), alcohols, fatty acids (Nastić, Lozano‐Sánchez, Borrás‐Linares, Švarc‐Gajić, & Segura‐Carretero, 2020), organic acids (Švarc‐Gajić et al, 2018), different phenolic compounds, and their derivatives (Ademović et al, 2017; Bastos et al., 2015; Bursal et al., 2013; Nastić et al, 2020; Piccirillo et al., 2013; Švarc‐Gajić et al, 2018; Topaloğlu, 2015). However, if the resulting product is going to be used in food or nonfood applications, the extraction process of the phenolic compounds from the cherry stem requires greater attention and detailed studies in point of their yield and biological activities.…”

Development of an Innovative Pressurized Liquid Extraction Procedure by Response Surface Methodology to Recover Bioactive Compounds from Carao Tree Seeds

“…Most of the studies used in identifying these compounds were those that evaluated the chemical composition of other species of the genus Cassia, Fabaceae family or specimens of the same C. grandis class [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Figure 1 showed a base peak chromatogram (BPC) representative of the carao seed extracts obtained by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS in negative polarity.…”

“…Finally, the subclass of proanthocyanidins included Peaks 8,12,13,14,21,23,29,31,32,33,34,35, 37 and 39. Peaks 8 and 12 were detected in all extraction conditions.…”

“…PLE allows to get natural extracts from plants combining elevated temperature and pressures with solvents to achieve fast and efficient extraction with a wide range of compounds polarities [7]. Indeed this technique has been applied to recover this kind of phytochemicals from different vegetables, fruits and oils as well as the by-products generated over the production process i.e., Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces, Sclerocarya birrea stem, pomegranate peel, weet cherry stem, and olive oil by-products [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In these studies, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the phytochemical recovering, since its combination with advanced extraction technique may enhance the bioactive-extract production process.…”