BackgroundStress urinary incontinence (SUI) is involuntary leakage from effort, exertion, sneezing or coughing. SUI is usually associated with cystocele, a medical condition that occurs when the tough fibrous wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina (the pubocervical fascia) is torn by childbirth, allowing the bladder to herniate into the vagina. Shame, depression and anxiety have been found to co-occur in incontinent women. Shame is a negative and self-conscious emotion, described as the sentiment of being exposed, ridiculous and undervalued. It may be elicited by personal perception of cognition according to a specific context (1). The internalization of unworthy or abusing parents (2) may have an important impact in causing such emotion together with other dysfunctional attitudes (i.e. insecure attachment and problematic internet use) (3, 4) and disadaptive disorders (i.e. psychopathic traits) (5). Above all, women of reproductive age are psychologically affected by SUI and cystocele as this factor may have a negative impact on pregnancy,
Background. Tension-Free Incontinence Cystocoele Treatment (TICT) was introduced by Leanza-Gasbarro-Caschetto in 2001, on the basis of experimental and clinical investigations to obtain a physiologic mechanism of closure and opening of the urethra in the event of genuine stress urinary incontinence (S.U.I.) and cistocoele. TICT took origin from the previous retropubic tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) based on the integral theory according which mid-urethra has a main role for urinary continence but differs in that the