New Targets in Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Control

Suárez-Gómez, Blanca; Souto, Marı́a L.; Cruz, Patricia G.; Fernández, José J.; Norte, Manuel

doi:10.1021/np040183t

Cited by 26 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The cells were rinsed on the sieve with fresh f/2 media, and kept wet to minimize breakage. The cells were washed into a 15-mL Falcon tube Tachibana and Scheuer, 1981;(2) Murata et al, 1982;(3) Larsen et al, 2007;(4) Yasumoto et al, 1985;(5) Marr et al, 1992 (6) Hu et al, 1995a;(7) Hu et al, 1995b;(8) Cruz et al, 2006;(9) Fernandez et al, 2003;(10) Suarez-Gomez et al, 2005;(11) Yasumoto et al, 1989;(12) Hu et al, 1992a;(13) Suarez-Gomez et al, 2001;(14) Miles et al, 2006;(15) Torgersen et al, 2008a;(16) Norte et al, 1994. using fresh f/2 media (13 mL), and the tube immersed in a water bath at 100 C for 5 min. The samples were frozen at À20 C, thawed at room temperature, and sonicated in a water bath (Fisher ultrasonic cleaner, Model FS30H) for 15 min before solid-phase extraction (SPE).…”

Section: Sample Preparation and Extraction Of Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America

Fux

Smith

Tong

et al. 2011

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a b s t r a c tMarine dinoflagellates of the genus Dinophysis can produce toxins of the okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxin (PTX) groups. These lipophilic toxins accumulate in filter-feeding shellfish and cause an illness in consumers called diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In 2008, a bloom of Dinophysis led to the closure of shellfish harvesting areas along the Texas coast, one of the first DSP-related closures in the U.S. This event resulted in a broad study of toxin production in isolates of Dinophysis spp. from U.S. waters. In the present study, we compared toxin profiles in geographical isolates of Dinophysis collected in the U.S. (Eel Pond, Woods Hole MA; Martha's Vineyard, MA; and Port Aransas Bay, Texas), and in those from Canada (Blacks Harbour, Bay of Fundy) and Chile (Reloncavi Estuary), when cultured in the laboratory under the same conditions. For each isolate, the mitochondrial cox1 gene was sequenced to assist in species identification. Strains from the northeastern U.S. and Canada were all assigned to Dinophysis acuminata, while those from Chile and Texas were most likely within the D. acuminata complex whereas precise species designation could not be made with this marker. Toxins were detected in all Dinophysis isolates and each isolate had a different profile. Toxin profiles of isolates from Eel Pond, Martha's Vineyard, and Bay of Fundy were most similar, in that they all contained OA, DTX1, and PTX2. The Eel Pond isolate also contained OA-D8 and DTX1-D7, and low levels (unconfirmed structurally) of DTX1-D8 and DTX1-D9. D. acuminata from Martha's Vineyard produced DTX1-D7, along with OA, DTX1, and PTX2, as identified in both the cells and the culture medium. D. acuminata from the Bay of Fundy produced DTX1 and PTX2, as found in both cells and culture medium, while only trace amounts of OA were detected in the medium. The Dinophysis strain from Texas only produced OA, and the one from Chile only PTX2, as confirmed in both cells and culture medium.Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Section: Sample Preparation and Extraction Of Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America

Fux

Smith

Tong

et al. 2011

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“…Because OA is a lipophilic compound and inhibits PP, it has been an invaluable tool in studies aimed at elucidating pathways modulating cellular processes, such as glucose uptake (Haystead et al, 1990;Corvera et al, 1991;Tanti et al, 1991;Yoo-Warren et al, 1993;Leira et al, 2002;Louzao et al, 2003;Louzao et al, 2005). Methyl okadaate (MeOk) is a methyl ester derivative of the OA, artificially produced in the laboratory, but also found in shellfish, and even in naturally collected or cultured dinoflagellates from the genera Prorocentrum and Dinophysis (Hu et al, 1992;Vale and Sampayo, 1999;Suzuki et al, 2004;Suarez-Gomez et al, 2005). Usually, MeOk has been considered as an inactive molecule because of its low activity in inhibiting PPs (Nishiwaki et al, 1990;Takai et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Methyl okadaate (MeOk) is a methyl ester derivative of the OA, artificially produced in the laboratory, but also found in shellfish, and even in naturally collected or cultured dinoflagellates from the genera Prorocentrum and Dinophysis (Hu et al, 1992;Vale and Sampayo, 1999;Suzuki et al, 2004;Suarez-Gomez et al, 2005). Usually, MeOk has been considered as an inactive molecule because of its low activity in inhibiting PPs (Nishiwaki et al, 1990;Takai et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The methyl ester of okadaic acid is more potent than okadaic acid in disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and metabolism of primary cultured hepatocytes

Espiña

Louzao

Cagide

et al. 2010

British J Pharmacology

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The methyl ester of okadaic acid is more potent than okadaic acid in disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and metabolism of primary cultured hepatocytesb ph_512 337.. 344 Begoña Espiña Japan Food Research Laboratories, Tama, Tokyo 206-0025, JapanBackground and purpose: Okadaic acid (OA) and microcystins (MCs) are structurally different toxins with the same mechanism of action, inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs). Methyl okadaate (MeOk), a methyl ester derivative of OA, was considered almost inactive due to its weak inhibition of PP1 and PP2A. Here, we have investigated the activity and potency of MeOk in hepatic cells in comparison with that of OA and MCs. Experimental approach: We tested the effects of MeOK, OA and microcystin-leucine and arginine (MC-LR) on the metabolic rate, the actin cytoskeleton and glucose uptake in a rat hepatocyte cell line (Clone 9) and in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. PP2A was assayed to compare OA and MeOk activity. Key results: MeOk disrupted the actin cytoskeleton and depressed the metabolic rate of both types of rat hepatocytes, being six-fold less potent than OA in Clone 9 cells but nearly six-fold more potent in primary cultured hepatocytes. However, unlike OA, MeOk did not change glucose uptake in these cells, suggesting a weak inhibition of PP2A, as confirmed in direct assays of PP2A activity. Conclusions and implications:Although MeOk was originally described as a weakly bioactive molecule, it clearly depressed the metabolic rate and disrupted the cytoskeleton in primary and immortalized rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, MeOk affected primary hepatocytes at much lower concentrations than those affecting immortalized cells. These effects were unrelated to PP2A inhibition. Our results suggest the risk to public health from MeOk in foodstuffs should be re-evaluated.British Journal of Pharmacology (2010) 159, 337-344; doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009 published online 15 December 2009 Keywords: actin cytoskeleton; glucose uptake kinetics; metabolic rate; methyl okadaate; microcystin; okadaic acid; phycotoxins; protein phosphatase and rat hepatocytes Abbreviations: DSP, diarrheic shellfish poisoning; MC-LR, microcystin-leucine and arginine; MeOk, methyl okadaate; OA, okadaic acid; PP1, protein phosphatase-1; PP2A, protein phosphatase-2A IntroductionMany natural toxins such as okadaic acid (OA) potently inhibit the catalytic activity of serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PPs), of which PP1 and PP2A are the most abundant in cells. Both PPs have a wide spectrum of activity being able to dephosphorylate a large number of substrates in vitro (Fernandez et al., 2002). The list of PPs inhibitors includes a structurally diverse group of compounds: polyether fatty acid substances similar to okadaic acid (OA), cyclic peptides like microcystins (MCs) and nodularins, terpenoids such as cantharidin and thyrsiferyl 23-acetate and polyketides, such as tautomycin and calyculin A (Fernandez et al., 2002). OA is the best representative of the diarrheic shellfish poisoning ...

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“…The NMR spectroscopic data of OA‐D10a were similar to those of OA, except for the presence of an additional C 10 unsaturated diol group, esterified at the carboxyl group of OA. Two olefinic methines ( δ H 5.53 m, δ C 127.5 and δ H 5.59 m, δ C 129.0) for a Z double bond ( J = 8.0 Hz), two oxygenated methylenes [ δ H 4.07 (2H, br s), δ C 65.8; δ H 4.59 (d, J = 13.5 Hz), 4.70 (d, J = 13.5 Hz), δ C 67.3], two allylic methylenes [ δ H 2.85 (2H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), δ C 30.8; δ H 2.85 (2H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), δ C 31.2], and two terminal olefinic methylenes ( δ H 5.10 brs, 5.05 br s, δ C 113.2; δ H 5.05 brs, 4.89 br s, δ C 110.4) (Table ) observed in this C 10 unsaturated diol group were in agreement with those of ( Z )‐2,7‐dimethyleneoct‐4‐ene‐1,8‐diol [] heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC) correlations from H 2 ‐1′ [ δ H 4.59 (d, J = 13.5 Hz), 4.70 (d, J = 13.5 Hz)] to C‐1 ( δ C 176.1) suggested the location of this C 10 unsaturated diol group to the terminal carboxyl group of the OA nucleus. Thus, the structure of OA‐D10a was identified as shown.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of the okadaic acid‐based toxin profile of a marine dinoflagellate strain Prorocentrum lima by LC–MS/MS and NMR spectroscopic data

Pan

et al. 2012

J of Separation Science

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The marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima can produce toxins of okadaic acid and its congeners, which are mainly responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning syndrome. Since 1990s, cells of P. lima have been reported as epiphytes to seaweeds distributed along the coast of Hainan Island. However, its toxin profile has not hitherto been investigated. We report herein the first description and unequivocal evidence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin production in a cultured strain of P. lima isolated from the coast of Sanya, Hainan Island. Okadaic acid and its two longest diol esters, viz. okadaic acid-D10a and okadaic acid-D10b, have been characterized as the main diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxin congeners of this strain by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopic data. Okadaic acid-D10a and okadaic acid-D10b are first identified by NMR spectroscopic data from the dinoflagellate P. lima. The simultaneous presence of okadaic acid-D10a and okadaic acid-D10b in P. lima enlarges the range of target molecules that must be considered in future diarrhetic shellfish poisoning monitoring programs of Hainan Island, China.

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New Targets in Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Control

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America

Toxin profiles of five geographical isolates of Dinophysis spp. from North and South America

The methyl ester of okadaic acid is more potent than okadaic acid in disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and metabolism of primary cultured hepatocytes

Identification of the okadaic acid‐based toxin profile of a marine dinoflagellate strain Prorocentrum lima by LC–MS/MS and NMR spectroscopic data

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