Complex perovskite oxides exhibit a rich spectrum of properties, including magnetism,
ferroelectricity, strongly correlated electron behaviour, superconductivity and
magnetoresistance, which have been research areas of great interest among the scientific
and technological community for decades. There exist very few materials which exhibit
multiple functional properties; one such class of materials is called the multiferroics.
Multiferroics are interesting because they exhibit simultaneously ferromagnetic and
ferroelectric polarizations and a coupling between them. Due to the nontrivial lattice
coupling between the magnetic and electronic domains (the magnetoelectric effect),
the magnetic polarization can be switched by applying an electric field; likewise
the ferroelectric polarization can be switched by applying a magnetic field. As a
consequence, multiferroics offer rich physics and novel devices concepts, which have
recently become of great interest to researchers. In this review article the recent
experimental status, for both the bulk single phase and the thin film form, has been
presented. Current studies on the ceramic compounds in the bulk form including
Bi(Fe,Mn)O3,
REMnO3 andthe series
of REMn2O5 single
crystals (RE = rare earth) are discussed in the first section and a detailed overview on multiferroic thin
films grown artificially (multilayers and nanocomposites) is presented in the second section.