Abstract:Objective. Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus salivarius are the most important species in dental decay and producing biofilm. Treatment with chlorhexidine 2% mouthwash for 7 days is the best way to eliminate these bacteria. However, due to the ability of these bacteria to survive in harsh environments, increasing emergence of bacterial resistance against available antibiotics, and favorable properties of nanoparticles including broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and lower toxicity, we decided to evalu… Show more
“…The most well-known biofilm in the oral cavity is dental plaque, a structurally and functionally organized complex microbial community [ 57 ] that contains several bacteria playing a major role in specific formation stages, e.g. Streptococcus mutans [ 58 ], Veillonellae [ 59 ], Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus salivarius [ 60 ], Actinomyces sp., Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes , Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Candida albicans [ 61 ].…”
Orofacial clefts (OFC) present different phenotypes with a postnatal challenge for oral microbiota development. In order to investigate the impact of OFC on oral microbiota, smear samples from 15 neonates with OFC and 17 neonates without OFC were collected from two oral niches (tongue, cheek) at two time points, i.e. after birth (T0: Ø3d OFC group; Ø2d control group) and 4–5 weeks later (T1: Ø32d OFC group; Ø31d control group). Subsequently, the samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. We detected a significant increase of alpha diversity and
anaerobic
and
Gram-negative species
from T0 to T1 in both groups. Further, we found that at T1 OFC neonates presented a significantly lower alpha diversity (lowest values for high cleft severity) and significantly higher levels of
Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella), Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Lactocaseibacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter
and
Lawsonella
compared to controls. Notably, neonates with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP/BCLP) presented similarities in beta diversity and a mixture with skin microbiota. However, significant differences were seen in neonates with cleft palate only compared to UCLP/BCLP with higher levels of
anaerobic species
. Our findings revealed an influence of OFC as well as cleft phenotype and severity on postnatal oral microbiota maturation.
“…The most well-known biofilm in the oral cavity is dental plaque, a structurally and functionally organized complex microbial community [ 57 ] that contains several bacteria playing a major role in specific formation stages, e.g. Streptococcus mutans [ 58 ], Veillonellae [ 59 ], Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus salivarius [ 60 ], Actinomyces sp., Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Spirochaetes, Synergistetes , Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp. and Candida albicans [ 61 ].…”
Orofacial clefts (OFC) present different phenotypes with a postnatal challenge for oral microbiota development. In order to investigate the impact of OFC on oral microbiota, smear samples from 15 neonates with OFC and 17 neonates without OFC were collected from two oral niches (tongue, cheek) at two time points, i.e. after birth (T0: Ø3d OFC group; Ø2d control group) and 4–5 weeks later (T1: Ø32d OFC group; Ø31d control group). Subsequently, the samples were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. We detected a significant increase of alpha diversity and
anaerobic
and
Gram-negative species
from T0 to T1 in both groups. Further, we found that at T1 OFC neonates presented a significantly lower alpha diversity (lowest values for high cleft severity) and significantly higher levels of
Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia-Shigella, Klebsiella), Enterococcus, Bifidobacterium, Corynebacterium, Lactocaseibacillus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter
and
Lawsonella
compared to controls. Notably, neonates with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP/BCLP) presented similarities in beta diversity and a mixture with skin microbiota. However, significant differences were seen in neonates with cleft palate only compared to UCLP/BCLP with higher levels of
anaerobic species
. Our findings revealed an influence of OFC as well as cleft phenotype and severity on postnatal oral microbiota maturation.
“…To get around this issue, researchers used BiNPs. A recent study suggests that BiNPs might replace existing drugs or be used as a mouthwash to treat oral infections due to their low MIC, good effectiveness, and cheap cost [ 132 ]. BiNPs’ ability to stop S. mutans , the bacteria responsible for most cases of tooth decay, from forming biofilms is one of its defining features.…”
Section: Metal Nanoparticles In Periodontitismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…More extensive research with a bigger sample size is needed in this area. More research is needed to determine the toxicity and short- and long-term impact of these NPs on live cells [ 132 ]. Although BiNPs show promise as a means of preventing several infectious illnesses, they still need further testing to guarantee their safety for use in people.…”
Section: Metal Nanoparticles In Periodontitismentioning
The gradual deterioration of the supporting periodontal tissues caused by periodontitis, a chronic multifactorial inflammatory disease, is thought to be triggered by the colonization of dysbiotic plaque biofilms in a vulnerable host. One of the most prevalent dental conditions in the world, periodontitis is now the leading factor in adult tooth loss. When periodontitis does develop, it is treated by scraping the mineralized deposits and dental biofilm off the tooth surfaces. Numerous studies have shown that non-surgical treatment significantly improves clinical and microbiological indices in individuals with periodontitis. Although periodontal parameters have significantly improved, certain bacterial reservoirs often persist on root surfaces even after standard periodontal therapy. Periodontitis has been treated with local or systemic antibiotics as well as scaling and root planning. Since there aren't many brand-new antibiotics on the market, several researchers are currently concentrating on creating alternate methods of combating periodontal germs. There is a delay in a study on the subject of nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, which is especially concerned with mechanisms of action, while the area of nanomedicine develops. The most promising of them are metal NPs since they have potent antibacterial action. Metal NPs may be employed as efficient growth inhibitors in a variety of bacteria, making them useful for the treatment of periodontitis. In this way, the new metal NPs contributed significantly to the development of efficient anti-inflammatory and antibacterial platforms for the treatment of periodontitis. The current therapeutic effects of several metallic NPs on periodontitis are summarized in this study. This data might be used to develop NP-based therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of periodontal infections.
Graphical Abstract
“…A similar strategy was used to eliminate Streptococcus salivarius [44]. The BisBAL NPs were even better at reducing the biofilm formed by this bacterium.…”
Recent reviews described the efficient syntheses of metallic bismuth nanoparticles. Nevertheless, few studies have been published on the medical applications of these nanoparticles compared to the number of studies on the well-documented clinical use of the bismuth(III) complex. An analysis of the literature revealed the significant potential of metallic bismuth nanoparticles in different theranostic applications. In the diagnostic field, preclinical proofs of concept have been demonstrated for X-ray, photoacoustic and fluorescence imaging. In the therapeutic field, several preclinical studies have shown the potential of bismuth nanoparticles as X-ray radiosensitizers for use in radiotherapy and as photothermal agents for applications in near infrared phototherapy. The properties of these metallic bismuth nanoparticles as bactericidal, fungicidal, antiparasitic and antibiofilm agents have also been studied. Although information concerning the toxic effects of these nanoparticles has been collected, these data are insufficient when considering the immediate clinical use of these new nanoparticles.
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