New Strategies for the Elimination of Polio from India

Grassly, Nicholas C; Fraser, Christophe; Wenger, Jay D.; Deshpande, Jagadish M.; Sutter, Roland W.; Heymann, David L.; Aylward, R. Bruce

doi:10.1126/science.1130388

Cited by 230 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…This emphasizes the potential dangers of extrapolating dynamics for these sorts of highly non-linear systems without a detailed understanding of local parameters. Interestingly, although poliovirus in India exhibits similarly strong seasonality, its longer infectious period leads to more regular annual dynamics than measles 41 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of measles in sub-Saharan Africa

Ferrari

Grais²,

Bharti³

et al. 2008

Nature

312

372

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamics of measles in sub-Saharan Africa

Ferrari

Grais²,

Bharti³

et al. 2008

Nature

312

372

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“…Human challenge studies offer a valuable extra arm to vaccine studies, but most are carried out on healthy western volunteers. Evidence from the recently introduced rotavirus vaccine, and also polio and cholera vaccine studies, demonstrates reduced vaccine‐effectiveness in major at‐risk populations in low–middle‐income countries 96, 97, 98. It is clear, therefore, that protective immunity must be examined and evaluated in multiple experimental settings that can each provide valuable information on both mechanisms of immune protection and real‐world effectiveness.…”

Section: Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T‐cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination

2018

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SummaryImmunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered through infection or vaccination. CD4 T‐cells play a central role in all adaptive immune responses. Vaccines must, therefore, activate CD4 T‐cells if they are to generate protective immunity. For many diseases, we do not have effective vaccines. These include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis and malaria, which are responsible for many millions of deaths each year across the globe. CD4 T‐cells play many different roles during the immune response coordinating the actions of many other cells. In order to harness the diverse protective effects of memory CD4 T‐cells, we need to understand how memory CD4 T‐cells are generated and how they protect the host. Here we review recent findings on the location of different subsets of memory CD4 T‐cells that are found in peripheral tissues (tissue resident memory T‐cells) and in the circulation (central and effector memory T‐cells). We discuss the generation of these cells, and the evidence that demonstrates how they provide immune protection in animal and human challenge models.

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“…Ali et al (2002) showed that higher population density is associated with a greater risk of cholera in a rural part of Bangladesh. Grassly et al (2006Grassly et al ( :1151 described challenges to polio eradication in densely populated Uttar Pradesh and Bihar: "[H]igh population density and poor sanitation can lead to more frequent infectious contacts and increase levels of excreted polio-virus in the environment." 3 Brinkley (1997) and Coelho and McGuire (1997) discussed the influence of hookworm, spread by poor sanitation, on the population health and economic development of the American South.…”

Section: Background: Population Density Sanitation and Disease Extementioning

confidence: 99%

Place and Child Health: The Interaction of Population Density and Sanitation in Developing Countries

Hathi¹,

Haque

Pant³

et al. 2014

Policy Research Working Papers

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A long literature in demography has debated the importance of place for health, especially children's health. In this study, we assess whether the importance of dense settlement for infant mortality and child height is moderated by exposure to local sanitation behavior. Is open defecation (i.e., without a toilet or latrine) worse for infant mortality and child height where population density is greater? Is poor sanitation is an important mechanism by which population density influences child health outcomes? We present two complementary analyses using newly assembled data sets, which represent two points in a trade-off between external and internal validity. First, we concentrate on external validity by studying infant mortality and child height in a large, international child-level data set of 172 Demographic and Health Surveys, matched to census population density data for 1,800 subnational regions. Second, we concentrate on internal validity by studying child height in Bangladeshi districts, using a new data set constructed with GIS techniques that allows us to control for fixed effects at a high level of geographic resolution. We find a statistically robust and quantitatively comparable interaction between sanitation and population density with both approaches: open defecation externalities are more important for child health outcomes where people live more closely together.

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New Strategies for the Elimination of Polio from India

Cited by 230 publications

References 13 publications

The dynamics of measles in sub-Saharan Africa

The dynamics of measles in sub-Saharan Africa

The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T‐cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination

Place and Child Health: The Interaction of Population Density and Sanitation in Developing Countries

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