New strategies for extraction and clean-up of persistent organic pollutants from food and feed samples using selective pressurized liquid extraction

We have developed a method involving extraction with mixtures of solvents under pressure (pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)) for the determination of triazine herbicides in a series of samples from the food industry. The organic extracts obtained were subjected to a clean-up step with SPE, using Oasis MCX sorbents, after which they were analyzed by NACE. Potato was chosen as a representative matrix of horticultural products since it has a high water content. Spiked potato samples were used to optimize extraction conditions. In order to compare the results obtained with NACE, different studies were also conducted using HPLC. The detection limits in NACE were similar to those found with HPLC and were of the order of 10-15 microg/kg, depending on the analyte. Satisfactory results were obtained on applying the method proposed for the potato matrix (PLE with separation by electrophoresis) to other food matrices such as other tubercles, fruits, vegetables and cereals.

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“…However, the temperature and type of solvent seem to be the two variables with the greatest bearing on the extraction process [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive determination of herbicides in food samples by nonaqueous CE using pressurized liquid extraction

et al. 2007

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“…[114] Since then, many other applications of this technique for the determination of organic analytes from different matrices have been published. [123][124][125][126][127] …”

Section: Accelerated Solvent Extraction (Ase)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis by Chromatographic Methods

Olariu

Vione

Grinberg

et al. 2010

Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies

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The determination of trace analytes in complex natural matrices often requires extensive sample extraction and preparation prior to chromatographic analysis. Correct sample preparation can reduce analysis time, sources of error, enhance sensitivity and enable unequivocal identification, confirmation and quantification. This overview considers general aspects on sample preparation techniques for trace analysis in various matrices. The discussed extraction/enrichment techniques cover classical methods, such as Soxhlet and liquid-liquid extractions along with more recently developed techniques like pressurized liquid extraction, liquid phase microextraction (LPME), accelerated microwave extraction, and ultrasoundassisted extraction. This overview also deals with more selective methodologies, such as solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). The adopted approach considers the equilibriums involved in each technique. The applicability of each technique in environmental, food, biological and pharmaceutical analyses is discussed, particularly for the determination of trace organic compounds by chromatographic methods.

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“…In fact, as highlighted in a recent review, [19] relatively few papers are dedicated to pesticides analysis in EOs and the available methods are quite limited in terms of LODs and number of simultaneously analyzed pesticides. [13,14,16,[26][27][28][29] The classical approaches for the multiresidue analyses of pesticides in foodstuffs mention the use of sample preparations methods such as the Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE), [30][31][32][33] the Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) [34][35][36] or the recent normalized QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method that could be hardly applicable to Eos. [37][38][39][40][41][42] Our aim was rather to consider the simplest possible sample preparation method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A workflow for multiclass determination of 256 pesticides in essential oils by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using evaporation and dilution approaches: Application to lavandin, lemon and cypress essential oils

Fillâtre

Rondeau

Daguin³

et al. 2016

Talanta

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This paper describes the determination of 256 multiclass pesticides in cypress and lemon essential oils (EOs) by the way of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) analysis using the scheduled selected reaction monitoring mode (sSRM) available on a hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap (QLIT) mass spectrometer. The performance of a sample preparation of lemon and cypress EOs based on dilution or evaporation under nitrogen assisted by a controlled heating were assessed. The best limits of quantification (LOQs) were achieved with the evaporation under nitrogen method giving LOQs ≤ 10 μg L -1 for 91 % of the pesticides. In addition the very satisfactory results obtained for recovery, repeatability and linearity showed that for EOs of relatively low evaporation temperature, a sample preparation based on evaporation under nitrogen is well adapted and preferable to dilution. By compiling these results with those previously published by some of us on lavandin EO, we proposed a workflow dedicated to multiresidue determination of pesticides in various EOs by LC-ESI/sSRM. Among the steps involved in this worflow, the protocol related to mass spectrometry propose an alternative confirmation method to the classical SRM ratio criteria based on a sSRM survey scan followed by an information-dependent acquisition using the sensitive enhanced product ion (EPI) scan to generate MS/MS spectra then compared to a reference. The submitted workflow was applied to the case of lemon EOs samples highlighting for the first time the simultaneous detection of 20 multiclass pesticides in one EO. Some pesticides showed very high concentration levels with amounts greatly exceeding the mg L -1 . KeywordsPesticides, lemon, cypress, essential oil, LC-MS/MS, sample preparation. IntroductionThe market of EOs is rapidly expanding and generates several billions of dollars every year.[1] The importance and the development of the EOs' market can be explained by the number and diversity of application areas of these natural extracts. Most of these application fields are directly related to human consumption such as cosmetics and perfumes,[2] medicine, [3,4] food, [4][5][6][7] agriculture, [8][9][10][11] as well as aromatherapy. [1,4,12] The cultivation of EOs' raw material (medicinal and aromatic plants) commonly involves the use of pesticides, which can concentrate through the extraction process.[13] This is evidenced by the fact that pesticide residues have been already found in EOs of citrus, [14][15][16][17] boronia, [18] fennel [18] or parsley.[18] However, unlike foodstuffs as water or fruits and vegetables for which maximum residues limits (MRLs) are established and available for consultation in databases (Europe: http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/index.cfm; Worldwide: http://www.mrldatabase.com), there is no regulation in regards to pesticides contents in EOs. [19] The presence of pesticide residues in EOs can lead to a public health problem, particularly due to the rapid expansion of a...

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New strategies for extraction and clean-up of persistent organic pollutants from food and feed samples using selective pressurized liquid extraction

Cited by 96 publications

References 18 publications

Sensitive determination of herbicides in food samples by nonaqueous CE using pressurized liquid extraction

Sensitive determination of herbicides in food samples by nonaqueous CE using pressurized liquid extraction

Sample Preparation for Trace Analysis by Chromatographic Methods

A workflow for multiclass determination of 256 pesticides in essential oils by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using evaporation and dilution approaches: Application to lavandin, lemon and cypress essential oils

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