New starting points for the prediction of tool wear in hot forging

Current failure mechanisms and treatment methods of hot forging tools (dies) - a review

“…The main damage to the die surface occurs at an operational level where the die is applied as a tool. The researcher community agreed for three main damage mechanisms which occur in forging dies (a) wear (70% of failures) [28]. Yet, the investigation of over 120 various cavities formed on more than 20 types of forging showed that abrasive wear is the cause of more than 70% of all forging die failure [29].…”

“…Many studies have been conducted in this area, from which the wear mechanisms have been defined. Holm described the wear as the disappearance of surface atoms between two contacting bodies, whereas Archard introduced the wear notion as subsidence micro asperities between two contacting bodies [28]. The mechanism of wear is influenced by different factors, as…”

Towards Improved Reliability of the Analysis of Factors Influencing the Properties on Steel in Industrial Practice

“…a n in Eq. (2) for this particular case can be rewritten simply as .... (4) A non-constant smoothing parameter w, as suggested by Peruš et al 22) and Turk et al, 23) was used in the present study. Using a trial-and-error procedure where w min and w max were varied, w min ϭ0.07 and w max ϭ0.15 were selected as the most appropriate values for the smoothing parameter.…”

Performance of Fe-based hardfacings on hot forging die: experimental, numerical and industrial studies

“…Summerville et al [6] reported that almost 10 % of the final forged product value is assigned to die wear expenses, such as re-work and replacement. According to Turk et al [7], almost 17 % of total production costs are part of forging dies, thus a significant portion of costs is related to tool degradation. For that reason, manufacturers are interested in improving the in-service life of hot forging dies and in supporting research work in this area in order to gain useful knowledge that can be used in industrial practice.…”