Spectral theory of dynamical systems is a study of special unitary representations, called Koopman representations (see Section "Glossary and Notation"). Invariants of such representations are called spectral invariants of measure-preserving systems. Together with the entropy, they constitute the most important invariants used in the study of measure-theoretic intrinsic properties and classification problems of dynamical systems as well as in applications. Spectral theory was originated by von Neumann, Halmos, and Koopman in the 1930s. In this article, we will focus on recent progresses in the spectral theory of finite measure-preserving dynamical systems.