“…The double metal floating seal was first introduced in a three-cone bit in 1987 and has since successfully replaced traditional rubber seals (Carre et al , 2001). After further studies, the first-generation single metal seal, SEMS, was developed by Baker Hughes in 1998 (Al-Wahedi et al , 2005). According to the field application problems of SEMS, the newest-generation seal, SEMS2, was developed by Baker Hughes in 2003 (Grimes and Kirkpatrick, 2006).…”