“…The Sivaladapidae that are paraphyletic when Asian ekgmowechashalids are included in the analyses (contrary to another topology in which ekgmowechashalids and sivaladapids are sister-groups 19 ), are adapoids with either a basal or a more nested placement within strepsirrhines. Contrary to previous results 31 , the Asiadapidae have a clearly more basal position than the sivaladapids in both analyses, which is in agreement with recent maximum parsimony analyses 7,28 , but not with Bayesian analyses 28 . Although the relative position of the Asiadapidae and the Sivaladapidae seems to be still unstable in recent phylogenies, our phylogenies do not support the hypothesis of a close relationship between these groups.Figure 6Phylogenetic position of Anthradapis among primates retrieved from two maximum parsimony analyses.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 86%
“…Differs from all sivaladapids except Paukkaungia and Kyitchaungia in having a distinct mesiodistally-oriented cristid obliqua on m1. Differs from all Paleogene sivaladapids (Hoanghoniinae and Wailekiinae 7 ) in having a p2 nearly as high and only slightly smaller than p3. Differs from all Paleogene sivaladapids except Paukkaungia and Yunnanadapis in having a metaconid in line with the protoconid on m1.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Lushius cannot be directly compared with Anthradapis since it is known by a partial maxilla. Nevertheless, this sivaladapid is considerably smaller than Anthradapis with estimated body weights of 1.45 kg 7 and 2.3 kg 32 .…”
Sivaladapidae is a poorly known Asian strepsirrhine family originally discovered in Miocene sediments of the Indian subcontinent. Subsequent research has considerably increased the diversity, temporal range, and geographical distribution of this group, now documented from China, Thailand, Myanmar, Pakistan, and India and whose earliest representatives date back to the Middle Eocene. We present here a new taxon of sivaladapid from the Na Duong coal mine in the Latest Middle Eocene-Late Eocene of Vietnam. It represents the first Eocene primate from Vietnam and the first medium-sized mammal recovered from this locality, thus documenting a completely new part of the Na Duong paleobiodiversity. This taxon is the largest sivaladapid ever found with an estimated body weight of 5.3 kg and it represents a new subfamily of sivaladapids in exhibiting a very peculiar combination of dental features yet unknown in the fossil record of the family (e.g., retention of four premolars, high-crowned molars with accentuated bunodonty and extreme crest reduction). Besides documenting a complete new part of sivaladapid evolution, its primitive dental formula and derived features shared with the Early Eocene Asiadapidae reinforce the hypothesis of a basal branching of sivaladapids among strepsirrhines.
“…The Sivaladapidae that are paraphyletic when Asian ekgmowechashalids are included in the analyses (contrary to another topology in which ekgmowechashalids and sivaladapids are sister-groups 19 ), are adapoids with either a basal or a more nested placement within strepsirrhines. Contrary to previous results 31 , the Asiadapidae have a clearly more basal position than the sivaladapids in both analyses, which is in agreement with recent maximum parsimony analyses 7,28 , but not with Bayesian analyses 28 . Although the relative position of the Asiadapidae and the Sivaladapidae seems to be still unstable in recent phylogenies, our phylogenies do not support the hypothesis of a close relationship between these groups.Figure 6Phylogenetic position of Anthradapis among primates retrieved from two maximum parsimony analyses.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 86%
“…Differs from all sivaladapids except Paukkaungia and Kyitchaungia in having a distinct mesiodistally-oriented cristid obliqua on m1. Differs from all Paleogene sivaladapids (Hoanghoniinae and Wailekiinae 7 ) in having a p2 nearly as high and only slightly smaller than p3. Differs from all Paleogene sivaladapids except Paukkaungia and Yunnanadapis in having a metaconid in line with the protoconid on m1.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 71%
“…Lushius cannot be directly compared with Anthradapis since it is known by a partial maxilla. Nevertheless, this sivaladapid is considerably smaller than Anthradapis with estimated body weights of 1.45 kg 7 and 2.3 kg 32 .…”
Sivaladapidae is a poorly known Asian strepsirrhine family originally discovered in Miocene sediments of the Indian subcontinent. Subsequent research has considerably increased the diversity, temporal range, and geographical distribution of this group, now documented from China, Thailand, Myanmar, Pakistan, and India and whose earliest representatives date back to the Middle Eocene. We present here a new taxon of sivaladapid from the Na Duong coal mine in the Latest Middle Eocene-Late Eocene of Vietnam. It represents the first Eocene primate from Vietnam and the first medium-sized mammal recovered from this locality, thus documenting a completely new part of the Na Duong paleobiodiversity. This taxon is the largest sivaladapid ever found with an estimated body weight of 5.3 kg and it represents a new subfamily of sivaladapids in exhibiting a very peculiar combination of dental features yet unknown in the fossil record of the family (e.g., retention of four premolars, high-crowned molars with accentuated bunodonty and extreme crest reduction). Besides documenting a complete new part of sivaladapid evolution, its primitive dental formula and derived features shared with the Early Eocene Asiadapidae reinforce the hypothesis of a basal branching of sivaladapids among strepsirrhines.
“…Hominoids and other mammals have been known from Lower Siwalik deposits exposed around Ramnagar (Jammu & Kashmir) since the early twentieth century. Very recently, new primate fossils representing a new sivaladapid genus and species, Ramadapis sahnii was recovered from these sediments (Gilbert et al, 2017a). The specimen comprises a partial right mandible preserving the corpus with P4 roots and worn M1-M3 dentition (Fig.…”
The early Cenozoic was a turning point in the geological history of the Indian subcontinent as it was during this interval that the Indian plate collided with Asia, leading to profound changes in global climates, faunal and floral evolution, orogeny and oceanography. Later Cenozoic records include those from the well known Siwalik successions which continue to yield important data relevant to age refinements of critical horizons including those yielding fossil hominoids, as well as for our understanding of the influence of climate change on the evolution of a diverse group of vertebrates including mammals. Studies on Himalayan Neogene floras have yielded phytogeographically important data as well as valuable insights in to paleotemperature and paleoprecipitation regimes. This report presents an overview of important recent contributions on the fossil fauna and flora, paleoenvironments and paleoclimates from the Himalayan Cenozoic sedimentary sequences.
“…In the Indian part the HFB is extensively studied to by Rohtash Kumar Late Cenozoic Himalayan foreland basin: Sedimentologic attributes Scientist (Retd. ), Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehra Dun -248001, Uttarakhand, INDIA e-mail: drrohtashgpt@gmail.com (Received : 5/11/2018;Revised accepted : 24/07/2019) https: //doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020026 understand the variability in depositional setting (Tandon, 1976(Tandon, , 1991Kumar and Tandon, 1985;Burbank et al, 1996;Kumar et al, 2003a;2004a,b;Goswami and Deopa, 2018 and references therein), marine to fluvial transition (Srivastava and Casshyap, 1983;Singh, 1978;Najman;Bera et al, 2008; and references therein), biostratigraphy, faunal evolution and migration route (Pilgrim., 1913;Colbert., 1935;Agrawal et al, 1993;Nanda and Sehgal, 1993;Nanda, 2002;2015;Basu., 2004;Patnaik, 2013;Gilbert et al, 2017;Nanda et al, 2018 and references therein), magnetostratigraphy (Azzaroli, and Naponeone, 1982;Johnson et al, 1983;Ranga Rao, 1993;Ranga Rao et al, 1995, Sangode et al, 1996Chirouze et al, 2012;Sangode, 2014;Govin et al, 2018 and references therein), thrusting event (e.g. Meigs et al, 1995;Kumar et al, 1999;2003a,b;…”
417Late Cenozoic fluvial stratigraphic records of the Himalayan foreland basin-the Siwalik Group between Rivers Ganga and Ravi were studied and reviewed to understand the responses of allogenic forcing at variable timeframe. The Siwalik succession represents an upward stratigraphic coarsening sequence which was initiated 13 Ma and terminated and deformed by the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) at around 0.2 Ma. Fluvial architecture, composition and paleoflow patterns exhibits patial and temporal variations and characteristics of a large river that evolved around 10 Ma with southward propagating mountain front with large gravelly alluvial fans evolving after 5 Main the proximity of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT). Influx of boulder-to pebblesized clasts indicatesmajor surface uplift at around 5 Ma all along the Himalaya. This uplift is more widespread and responsible for the generation of much of the modern drainage system. The fluvial architecture reveals variation in temporal and spatial deposition style at million-year scale in response to variable hinterland topography, tectonics and climate. However, direct climatic signatures are not evident, although stable isotopic studies suggest variability at million-year scale, which was overwhelmed by tectonics.Dr Rhotash Kumar has worked extensively on the Neogene and Quaternary fluvial successions of the Foreland basin of Himalaya. He has also studied the Ladakh molasses, Spiti Basin and geological formations of Karakoram area.
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