New Sex Pheromone Blend for the Lightbrown Apple Moth, Epiphyas postvittana

Abstract

The composition of the sex pheromone gland of the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) was re-investigated. In addition to the two previously identified compounds, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14Ac) and (E,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl acetate (E9E11-14Ac), seven additional candidate pheromone compounds were identified: (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14OH), tetradecyl acetate, hexadecanal, (E)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (E11-16Ac), hexadecyl acetate, octadecanal, and octadecyl acetate. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection analysis showed that only four (of the nine) compounds (E11-14OH, E11-14Ac, E9E11-14Ac, and E11-16Ac) elicited electrophysiological responses. When either E11-14OH or E11-16Ac were tested at various ratios in three-component blends with both E11-14Ac and E9E11-14Ac, no increase in trap catch was observed compared to that to the previously identified binary blend. However, when these two compounds (1% E11-14OH and 0.5% E11-16Ac) were both added to E11-14Ac and E9E11-14Ac, trap catch was roughly double that to the previously identified binary blend alone. The new four-component blend should be more sensitive for detecting this economically important insect, especially in low population areas (i.e., in newly invaded habitats). In addition, this new blend may enhance pheromone control of this pest, through approaches such as mating disruption, lure and kill, and mass trapping.

Communication Disruption of <I>Epiphyas postvittana</I> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) By Using Two Formulations at Four Point Source Densities in Vineyards

“…Although a more attractive synthetic lure is now available (El-Sayed et al 2011), even the two-component blend was more than twice as attractive as single virgin females in this study, because of the high loading of 3 mg. Use of the highly attractive four-component blend or a high loading of two components (as here) raises the complication of underestimating efÞcacy of disruption compared with females, although synthetic lures are easier to use. The relatively similar results for both virgin females and two-component synthetic lures makes this comparison straightforward here.…”

Responses of protocerebral neurons in Manduca sexta to sex-pheromone mixtures

“…Tumlinson et al 1989,1994; Vickers et al 2003; Domingue et al 2007, 2008; Kanno et al 2010; El-Sayed et al 2011; Leary et al 2012; Martin et al 2013), our finding that 24% of the sampled, pheromone-responsive protocerebral neurons in this study did not distinguish among the tested stimuli (supplemental Table 1) is surprising. Pairwise comparisons of responses to different pheromonal stimuli (EEZ vs. BAL, EEZ vs. mixture, BAL vs. mixture) showed that 50–80% of neurons exhibited no significant differences in their responses to these stimulus pairs (Figure 1, bottom).…”

Fixed-bed-column Studies in Laboratory and Pilot Scale for Methylene Blue Removal and Recovery by Untreated, Autohydrolized and Brine Hydrolized Spruce

“…A widely used continuous fixed-bed-column model was established by Bohart and Adams, who assumed that the rate of adsorption is controlled by the surface binding (through chemical reaction or physical interaction) between adsorbate and unused capacity of the solid, i.e., adsorption rate = K·C·Cu, where K is the adsorption rate coefficient, C is the adsorbate concentration at the solid phase at distance x, and Cu is the unused surface adsorptive capacity at time t, expressed as mass per volume of bed [10,12]. The material balance for adsorbate is given by the partial differential equation:…”