New Saffold Cardiovirus in Children, China

Xu, Ziqian; Cheng, Wei-xia; Qi, Hongmei; Cui, Shu-xian; Jin, Yu; Duan, Zhaojun

doi:10.3201/eid1506.090109

Cited by 29 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…SAFV has been detected in stool and respiratory-secretion samples from children with gastroenteritis (Chiu et al, 2008; (Abed & Boivin, 2008;Chiu et al, 2008) and non-polio acute flaccid paralysis , as well as in asymptomatic individuals Chiu et al, 2008;Xu et al, 2009;Zoll et al, 2009). In several cases, SAFV has been detected in addition to other viruses known to cause gastroenteritis, thus hindering interpretation regarding SAFV infection and observed pathology (Chiu et al, 2008;Drexler et al, 2008;Ren et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since its initial discovery in 2007 from a stool sample collected in 1981 in California, USA (Jones et al, 2007), SAFV has been detected in stool and respiratory samples from patients in Europe, North and South America and Asia (Abed & Boivin, 2008;Blinkova et al, 2009;Chiu et al, 2008;Drexler et al, 2008;Liang et al, 2008;Ren et al, 2009;Xu et al, 2009;Zoll et al, 2009). Currently, there are eight SAFV genotypes based on variants of the VP1 protein (SAFV-1-8), which is a determinant of viral tropism and antibody-neutralization sensitivity .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metagenomic sequencing for virus identification in a public-health setting

Svraka

Rosario

Duizer

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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The use of metagenomics for virus discovery in clinical samples has opened new opportunities for understanding the aetiology of unexplained illness. This study explores the potential of this sequence-independent approach in a public-health setting, by systematic analysis of samples cultured from patients with unexplained illness through a combination of PCR-based assays and viral metagenomics. In total, 1834 cell-culture isolates were collected between 1994 and 2007 through the Enterovirus Surveillance programme in the Netherlands. During the 13 year period, seven samples that exhibited reproducible cytopathogenic effects in cell culture tested negative in standard PCR assays for a range of viruses. In order to fill the diagnostic gap, viral metagenomics was applied to these culture supernatants, resulting in the rapid identification of viruses in all of the samples. The unexplained samples contained BK polyomavirus, herpes simplex virus, Newcastle disease virus and the recently discovered Saffold viruses (SAFV) (which dominated the unexplained samples; n54). The full genomic sequences of four SAFV genotype 3 (SAFV-3) viruses, which share 88-93 % nucleotide identity with known SAFV-3 viruses, are reported. Further screening for SAFV in additional cultured, unidentified clinical isolates from 2008 and 2009 resulted in identification of another SAFV-positive sample. Although the pathogenicity of the identified viruses has not been established, this study demonstrates that viral metagenomics is a powerful tool that can be integrated into public-health monitoring efforts to investigate unidentified viruses in cell cultures from clinical isolates where standard PCR assays fail to detect viruses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic sequencing for virus identification in a public-health setting

Svraka

Rosario

Duizer

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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“…Evidence that HTCV-like cardioviruses produce human infection is now overwhelming: the viruses have been repeatedly recovered from stool (3,5,7,23), cluster phylogenetically in a distinct group clearly separate from other animal cardioviruses (3,5,7), and evoke serologic responses in a high proportion of humans (Fig. 6) (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have also been found in stools from South Asian children who either had nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis or were healthy (3). Thus, infection with human cardioviruses appears to be worldwide, with PCR prevalence rates ranging from 0.5% to 12% (3,5,7,23). The high diversity of the human cardioviruses is evidenced by the identification of at least eight VP1 genotypes (3,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Subsequent analysis of a large cohort study of diarrheal transmission revealed similar viruses in six stool samples from U.S. children (HTCV-UC2 to -UC7) (5). Human cardioviruses have since been found in stool samples from both healthy children and children with gastroenteritis in Brazil, Germany, and China (7,23) and in respiratory samples from children with influenza-like illnesses in Canada (1). They have also been found in stools from South Asian children who either had nonpolio acute flaccid paralysis or were healthy (3).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cultivation and Serological Characterization of a Human Theiler's-Like Cardiovirus Associated with Diarrheal Disease

Chiu

Greninger²,

Chen³

et al. 2010

J Virol

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Cardioviruses (e.g., Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus [TMEV]) are members of the Picornaviridae family that cause myocarditis and encephalitis in rodents. Recently, several studies have identified human cardioviruses, including Saffold virus (SAFV) and a related virus named human TMEV-like cardiovirus (HTCV). At least eight cardiovirus genotypes are now recognized, with SAFV and most strains of HTCV belonging to genotypes 1 and 2, respectively; genotype 2 strains are the most common in the population. Although a genotype 3 cardiovirus has recently been cultured (SAFV-3), the genotype 1 and 2 cardioviruses have been difficult to propagate in vitro, hindering efforts to understand their seroprevalence and pathogenicity. Here we present the isolation and characterization of a genotype 2 human cardiovirus (HTCV-UC6). Notably, successful cultivation of HTCV-UC6 from stool required the addition of cytokine-blocking antibodies to interrupt downstream antiviral pathways. Unlike SAFV-3, HTCV-UC6 exhibited slow replication kinetics and demonstrated only a moderate cytopathic effect. Serologic assays revealed that 91% of U.S. adults carry antibodies to the genotype 2 cardioviruses, of which 80% generate neutralizing antibodies, in agreement with previous data showing that cardiovirus infection is widespread in humans. We also demonstrate an acute cardiovirus seroconversion event in a child with diarrhea and vomiting, thus reporting for the first time evidence linking cardiovirus infection to diarrheal disease in humans.

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Early human enterovirus infections in healthy Swedish children participating in the PRODIA pilot study

Simonen-Tikka

Hiekka

Klemola

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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Human enteroviruses (HEV) are common, especially in childhood and during the enterovirus season, causing mainly asymptomatic infections but also mild and severe illnesses. Numerous studies have shown the association between HEV infections and type 1 diabetes. Here, the prevalence of HEV infections was studied in healthy Swedish children with increased HLA‐associated risk for type 1 diabetes participating in the PRODIA pilot study in which children were randomized to receive probiotics or placebo during the first 6 months of life. Stool specimens collected from 197 children in every 3 months from the age of 3 to 24 months were screened for HEV using traditional viral culturing method and identified with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequencing of the partial VP1 coding part of the viral genome. Altogether 4.8% (52/1,094) of the specimens were HEV‐positive and 22.3% (44/197) of the children excreted HEV during the follow‐up. HEV‐A and HEV‐B were present in 2.1 and 2.7% of the specimens, respectively. HEV‐C and HEV‐D viruses were not detected. In total, 17 different HEV serotypes were detected and the most common findings were CV‐A9 (13.5%), CV‐A16 (11.5%), and CV‐A2 (9.6%). The majority of the infections (92.3%) were during the enterovirus season extending from July to December. Probiotic treatment did not affect significantly the risk of HEV infections during the 2‐year follow‐up although a trend for transient decrease for HEV positivity (HEV‐A and/or HEV‐B) by the age of 12 months was observed in children who received probiotics [OR 0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 1.08; P‐value 0.071, generalized estimating (GEE) analysis]. According to the results, HEV‐A findings were nearly as common as HEV‐B findings among the healthy children participating in this study. Also it was shown that serotypes belonging to HEV‐A species can be detected by means of viral culturing. J. Med. Virol. 84:923–930, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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New Saffold Cardiovirus in Children, China

Cited by 29 publications

References 4 publications

Metagenomic sequencing for virus identification in a public-health setting

Metagenomic sequencing for virus identification in a public-health setting

Cultivation and Serological Characterization of a Human Theiler's-Like Cardiovirus Associated with Diarrheal Disease

Early human enterovirus infections in healthy Swedish children participating in the PRODIA pilot study

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