New results concerning the lithium-pyrographite system

Billaud, D.; McRae, E.; Marêché, J.F.; Hérold, A.

doi:10.1016/0379-6779(81)90037-0

Cited by 36 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For instance, dilute stage-2 LiC18 has a lower in-plane lithium density of a LiC9 in-plane unit than a LiC6 unit in stage-2 LiC12 and has a "liquidlike" or highly disordered in-plane distribution of lithium atoms at room temperature. 39 Thus, a primitive in-plane unit of p(1x1)R0° is often employed as an averaged in-plane unit for the structural refinement of stage 2L 50,51 without consideration of a possible distance of the closest lithium atoms although stage-2L LiC18 might have a local domain with a 2D inplane ordering as a p(3x3)R0° superlattice which was proposed with XRD data 52 and predicted by DFT calculations. 53 Despite the disordered in-plane distribution of lithium atoms, stage-2L LiC18 is known to have an interplanar ordering of AB|BA| stacking sequence at room temperature.…”

Section: Operando Xrdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase evolution of electrochemically potassium intercalated graphite

et al. 2021

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Section: Operando Xrdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase evolution of electrochemically potassium intercalated graphite

et al. 2021

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“…5a, a peak at 18 ppm increases and shifts to 11 ppm as the reaction progresses. We identify the initial peak as LiC 18 The XRD spectra resolve the individual stages and detect the raw graphite (Fig. 5b) , and then LiC 24 -before resulting in graphite as the final product.…”

Section: Nmr Of Prepared Graphites the Chemical Shifts Of Licmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, LiC 12 is not an entirely stable stoichiometry; rather, there is a slight disproportionation to give rise to trace amounts of LiC 6 and "liquid-like" LiC 12-18 , shown inFig. 3(8,18,19,20). In this mix-…”

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confidence: 94%

Operando NMR and XRD study of chemically synthesized LiC oxidation in a dry room environment

Sacci

Gill

Hagaman

et al. 2015

Journal of Power Sources

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We test the stability of pre-lithiated graphite anodes for Li-ion batteries in a dry room battery processing room. The reaction between LiC x and laboratory air was followed using operando NMR and x-ray diffraction, as these methods are sensitive to change in Li stoichiometry in graphite. There is minimal reactivity between LiC 6 and N 2 , CO 2 or O 2 ; however, LiC 6 reacts with moisture to form lithium (hydr)oxide. The reaction rate follows zero-order kinetics with respects to intercalated lithium suggesting that lithium transport through the graphite is fast. The reaction occurs by sequential formation of higher stages-LiC 12 , then LiC 18 , and then LiC 24-as the hydrolysis proceeds to the formation of Li x OH y and graphite end products. Slowing down the formation rate of the Li x OH y passivation layer stabilizes of the higher stages. INTRODUCTION: Increasing the amount of Li is a known strategy for increasing performance and cycle life of rechargeable Li-ion batteries. The excess lithium is used in preparation and maintenance of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed primarily at the anode surface during cycling. Industry typically accomplishes this by increasing the amount of cathode material or using lithium-rich materials. This strategy results in a significant amount of wasted cathode material, which decreases the energy density of the battery. FMC Inc. has proposed a strategy to increase the lithium content in batteries by producing prelithiated anode materials. (1) However, pre-lithiation presents inherent difficulties: 1) pre-lithiated materials are only 0.1-0.2 V more positive than Li metal and therefore are highly reductive; 2) they spontaneously react with both the battery electrolyte and O 2 /H 2 O exothermically (2); and 3) they produce a passivation layer of lithium carbonate and oxide may inhibit Li-transport. (3) Confronting processing prob

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“…9 The resistor networks have the disadvantage, however, that they require numerical solutions of sets of coupled difference equations. A similar advantage has been pointed out for composite electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) consisting of particles of an ionically conducting material and an electronically conducting material,2 although the problems that initially prompted the use of such electrodes in this case are associated with thermomechanical properties.3 Porous electrodes are often modeled by transmission lines, which are electrical analogs of the electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

7Li ‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Observation of Lithium Insertion into Mesocarbon Microbeads

Tatsumi

Akai

Imamura

et al. 1996

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The stacking order of graphite layers in mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB5) heat-treated between 700 and 3000°C was examined by analyses of x-ray diffraction measurements, and lithium insertion into the MCMBs has been observed using solid-state ti-nuclear magnetic resonance (7Li-NMR) spectroscopy. In MCMTBs heat-treated above 2000°C, the fully lithiated MCMBs showed two bands at ca. 45 ppm (vs. LiC1) and ca. 27 ppm in their 7Li-NMR spectra. The profile of the band at 45 ppm was very close to that for the first-stage lithium graphite intercalation compound (Li-GIC), though the other band at 27 ppm could not be assigned to any phases of Li-GICs. From these results, it is suggested that the structures of the MCMBs heat-treated above 2000°C for lithium insertion are classified as graphitic structure, which has the AB stacking order of graphite layers, and turbostratic structure with a random stacking sequence of graphite layers; the fully lithiated compositions of both structures were estimated as LiC6 and ca. Li,2C6, respectively. Although MCMB heat-treated at 700°C gave a higher capacity than LiC6, the line shift in the 7Li-NMR spectra indicated that lithium stored in the MCMB displayed an ionic character. Capacity change of the MCMBs during charge-discharge cycling up to 20 cycles and capacity loss at higher current densities (< 200 mA g') were also examined.) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 128.122.253.228 Downloaded on 2015-02-06 to IP

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New results concerning the lithium-pyrographite system

Cited by 36 publications

References 5 publications

Phase evolution of electrochemically potassium intercalated graphite

Phase evolution of electrochemically potassium intercalated graphite

Operando NMR and XRD study of chemically synthesized LiC oxidation in a dry room environment

7Li ‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Observation of Lithium Insertion into Mesocarbon Microbeads

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