“…The spectral characteristics vary depending on whether measured in solution or film, on the solvent type, on the degree of substitution and oligomer/polymer length (Table 1) [1,35]. In many cases (though not all) such transitions (and transitions of other polysaccharides in the <180 nm range) can only be directly investigated using vacuum-ultraviolet (UV) CD [13,36], most conveniently delivered using a synchrotron source (e.g., [23,24,26,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]). A unique strength of SCD spectroscopy is its higher photon flux and extended vacuum UV region down to a wavelength of 125 nm, the latter being particularly useful for obtaining spectral measurements of unstained sugars, oligosaccharides and complex polysaccharides such as cellulose.…”