New remains of Elephantidae from the Upper Siwalik subgroup (Plio-Pleistocene) of Pakistan

Abbas, Sayyed Ghyour; Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Babar, Muhammad Adeeb; Akhtar, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105967

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…On the basis of both sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic changes in cranial features, S. insignis and S. ganesa are particularly dissimilar (Abbas et al, 2019 ), contrary to some previous authors, claimed as a single collective species (Chauhan, 2008 ). We concluded that S. insignis and S. ganesa are not a single collective species (Saegusa, 1987 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Tooth marker of ecological abnormality: The interpretation of stress in extinct mega herbivores (proboscideans) of the Siwaliks of Pakistan

Ameen

Khan

Ahmad

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Climate affects living ecosystems and defines species physiology. Climate change causes certain stress on animals, recorded as Enamel Hypoplasia (EH). Proboscideans, the mega herbivores, were extensively represented in the Siwaliks of Pakistan between the Middle Miocene to Pleistocene (~15.99–~0.6 Ma). This study was carried out on 15 species from 9 genera and 4 families using 319 teeth from 266 individual quarries. Our results revealed that 20.06% (64/319) of teeth were infected by EH. Family Deinotheriidae faced higher stress during the terminal of the Middle Miocene (EH 25%) . Dental characters of deinotheres indicated that this family preferred soft vegetation like C 3 plants and failed to survive in grassland ecology at the onset of the Late Miocene (~10–9 Ma). Gomphotheriidae (EH 21.05%) and Stegodontidae (EH 23.40%) survived through warm and dry climatic conditions of the Late Miocene, but could not survive the cool and dry climate of Plio‐Pleistocene where grasslands were abundant with less browsing activity. Family Elephantidae (EH 8.47%) was successful in drier conditions and utilized the exclusive C 4 diet in open grasslands as efficient grazers, indicated by their tooth morphology. Elephantids were dominant of the proboscideans in open grassland and drier climate during Plio‐Pleistocene in the Indian subcontinent. We assume that change in the Siwalik palaeoenvironment was governed by a microclimate.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Tooth marker of ecological abnormality: The interpretation of stress in extinct mega herbivores (proboscideans) of the Siwaliks of Pakistan

Ameen

Khan

Ahmad

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Most fossilized teeth were found in the Indian part of the Siwalik Hills (also known as Siwaliks) (Figure 2). These are foothills of the Himalayas, which are well known for the occurrence of Miocene-Pleistocene vertebrate fossils (Abbas et al, 2018(Abbas et al, , 2019Kumar et al, 2017;Patnaik et al, 2018). These fossils are extremely valuable in studies on paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, and geological evolution of the Himalayas.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teeth of Past and Present Elephants: Microstructure and Composition of Enamel in Fossilized Proboscidean Molars and Implications for Diagenesis

Białas

Prymak

Singh

et al. 2021

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Enamel as hardest biological tissue remains unaltered for millions of years and is therefore an excellent archive for studies on paleodiet, paleoecology, paleoclimate, paleoenvironment, biomechanical, and evolutionary studies. However, diagenetic alterations can influence such interpretations and therefore we analyzed the microstructure and composition (elemental and stable isotopic) of fossil and extant proboscidean teeth to study the extent of diagenesis in them. We report for the first time on the enamel microstructure data of the Indian elephantiformes Anancus, Stegodon, Elephas, and Palaeoloxodon besides analyzing Gomphotherium and Deinotherium from new formations. Furthermore, we compare their microstructure with those of the primitive African taxa of Moeritherium and Palaeomastodon. Our results from depth‐related elemental composition and oxygen isotope ratios of enamel phosphate and carbonate indicate no or only negligible modification. There is also a lack of age‐dependency of these minor alterations within the fossils collected from Siwaliks of the Himalayan Foreland Basin. Overall, our study indicates that diagenesis has not played any significant role on the samples studied here and are therefore well suited for chemical and paleontological studies and proxy for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction.

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“…The recent survey in the Kharian Pabbi Hills has resulted in the identification of an unexplored area near the village of Panjan Sher Shahana and its surrounding villages (Figure 1). The outcrops of these localities represent the Pleistocene deposits of the Siwalik Group (Abbas, Khan, Babar, & Akhtar, 2019; Pilgrim, 1913). This area marks the end of the Siwalik deposition followed by a complete bed of Recent alluvium near the Jhelum River.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geological succession found in the Pabbi Hills near Panjan Sher Shahana and in the adjacent areas are extremely disturbed and show a mixture of Pleistocene deposits and Recent alluvium (Figure 1). The outcrops are composed of the dispersed boulders, cobbles, and variable shaped pebbles, transported limestones, gravels, conglomerates as well as pseudo‐conglomerate, stones, fused with sand, clay, and siltstone (Abbas et al, 2019). Panjan Sher Shahana yielded scattered mammalian remains and among these, the bovid remains were predominant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another fossil locality where such studies were performed, Sar‐Dhok, is located nearby Sarai Alamgir town, and is relatively well known and explored recently (Ghaffar et al, 2017; Siddiq et al, 2014, 2017, 2020; Siddiq, Khan, & Akhtar, 2016; Siddiq, Khan, Babar, et al, 2016). A comprehensive account of the geology, age, and palaeoecology of the area was described by Abbas et al (2019): the deposits of Sar‐Dhok are equivalent to the Pinjor Faunal Zone of Pilgrim (1913), Pinjor Formation of Lewis (1937) in India, Samwal‐Kakra Formation of Arif (1985) and Hussain, Van Den Bergh, Steensma, De Visser, and De Vos (1992) in Mirpur area of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and to the Pinjor Zone of Soan Formation proposed by Kravtchenko (1964). Lithologically, this stratigraphic unit includes soft, coarse sandstones, the brown tint of sandstones and clays, and an abundance of pebble beds (Dennell, 2008; Dennell et al, 2005, 2006; Opdyke et al, 1979; Pilgrim, 1913).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A supplementary report of the Pleistocene bovids from the Pabbi Hills of Pakistan

Dar

Aftab

Abbas³

et al. 2021

Geological Journal

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The Pleistocene mammalian remains of the Siwalik Group in Pakistan are less described than that of the Siwalik Miocene age. The recent expedition in the Pabbi Hills of Kharian has produced large mammalian remains, predominantly bovids forms. Proamphibos kashmiricus, Kobus sp., Hemibos triquetricornis, and Boselaphus namadicus have been described in this article, based on the new collection. The fourth upper deciduous premolar of B. namadicus is reported for the first time from the Pleistocene of the Siwalik Group. These taxa are large sized and found in the Pleistocene deposits of Pakistan. A Pleistocene savannah‐like landscape is suggested for these two localities.

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New remains of Elephantidae from the Upper Siwalik subgroup (Plio-Pleistocene) of Pakistan

Cited by 13 publications

References 47 publications

Tooth marker of ecological abnormality: The interpretation of stress in extinct mega herbivores (proboscideans) of the Siwaliks of Pakistan

Tooth marker of ecological abnormality: The interpretation of stress in extinct mega herbivores (proboscideans) of the Siwaliks of Pakistan

Teeth of Past and Present Elephants: Microstructure and Composition of Enamel in Fossilized Proboscidean Molars and Implications for Diagenesis

A supplementary report of the Pleistocene bovids from the Pabbi Hills of Pakistan

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