New Records of <i>Anopheles benarrochi</i> B (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaria Hotspots in the Amazon Regions of Ecuador and Peru

Viteri, Diego Morales; Herrera-Varela, Manuela; Albuja, Maribel; Quiroga, Cristina; Díaz, Glòria; Morante, Clara Del Aguila; Ramirez, Darío Alejandro; Vinetz, Joseph M.; Bickersmith, Sara A.; Conn, Jan E.

doi:10.1093/jme/tjaa293

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Likewise, it should be emphasized that An. benarrochi B has already been identi ed in other regions of Peru [25,11,35], and with the present study, it extends its distribution to the northwest of the country, including three new haplotypes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Natural Plasmodium infection of Anopheles benarrochi B (Diptera: Culicidae) in native communities of the Province of Condorcanqui, Amazonas-Peru

Villegas-Pingo,

Zumaeta,

Rojas

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Malaria is a severe health problem in the native communities of Condorcanqui in the Amazonas Department of Peru. Recently, the number of malaria cases has increased considerably following a Plasmodium falciparum outbreak in 2019. However, there is no information on the anopheline species acting as Plasmodium vectors in this area or its insecticide resistance status. This study aims to: i) to molecularly characterize the anopheline population from the district of Rio Santiago; ii) to determine their incrimination in malaria transmission; and iii) to evaluate mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and DDT in the mosquito population. Methods Mosquitoes were collected between March and September 2022, using Shannon traps, CDC light traps, and mouth aspirators. Only those morphologically identified as Anopheles sp. were subjected to molecular confirmation by PCR amplification and sequencing of the COX1 barcode region. Additionally, specimens that were molecularly confirmed as Anopheles were analyzed for the kdr region of the VGSC gene related to insecticide resistance. Likewise, the presence of human blood as a food source was detected using the β-globin marker, and the presence of P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was determined through a nested PCR. Results A total of 453 mosquitoes were captured, of which ninety-four were morphologically identified as female anophelines. Of the latter, sixty-six (~ 70%) specimens were molecularly confirmed as anophelines and were grouped into four species: An. benarrochi B, An. triannulatus, An. costai and An. nimbus. The sixty-six anophelines were analyzed for human β-globin and Plasmodium. It was found that twenty-three samples of An. benarrochi B (~ 35%) and one specimen of An. triannulatus were positive for human β-globin. Likewise, six (~ 9%) samples of An. benarrochi B were positive for Plasmodium parasites (four for P. falciparum and two for P. vivax). It is worth noting that four specimens tested positive for Plasmodium parasites and human blood simultaneously, making this a robust outcome to incriminate An. benarrochi B as the main malaria vector. No specimens presented mutations associated with insecticide resistance in the kdr region. Conclusions An. benarrochi B is the dominant anopheline species in this study and plays an important role in malaria transmission. Further studies are needed to understand its feeding behavior and activity during dry and rainy seasons to fully incriminate it with malaria transmission and implement targeted vector control programs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Natural Plasmodium infection of Anopheles benarrochi B (Diptera: Culicidae) in native communities of the Province of Condorcanqui, Amazonas-Peru

Villegas-Pingo,

Zumaeta,

Rojas

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…neomaculipalpus were collected only in Gracias a Dios. Both species have widely been reported in Mesoamerica [ 43 , 44 , 45 ] and South America [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ], and have historically been reported by the Honduran health authorities (unpublished data), but natural infections with Plasmodium sporozoites have only been detected in An. neomaculipalpus [ 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Follow-Up to the Geographical Distribution of Anopheles Species in Malaria-Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Honduras

Escobar

Archaga

Reyes

et al. 2022

Insects

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Anopheles species are the vectors of malaria, one of the diseases with the greatest impact on the health of the inhabitants of the tropics. Due to their epidemiological relevance and biological complexity, monitoring of anopheline populations in current and former malaria-endemic areas is critical for malaria risk assessment. Recent efforts have described the anopheline species present in the main malaria foci in Honduras. This study updates and expands knowledge about Anopheles species composition, geographical distribution, and genetic diversity in the continental territory of Honduras as in the Bay Islands. Outdoor insect collections were carried out at 25 sites in eight municipalities in five departments of Honduras between 2018 and 2021. Specimens were identified using taxonomic keys. Partial COI gene sequences were used for molecular species identification and phylogenetic analyses. In addition, detection of Plasmodium DNA was carried out in 255 female mosquitoes. Overall, 288 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from 8 municipalities. Eight species were morphologically identified. Anopheles albimanus was the most abundant and widely distributed species (79.5%). A subset of 175 partial COI gene sequences from 8 species was obtained. Taxonomic identifications were confirmed via sequence analysis. Anopheles albimanus and An. apicimacula showed the highest haplotype diversity and nucleotide variation, respectively. Phylogenetic clustering was found for An. argyritarsis and An. neomaculipalpus when compared with mosquitoes from other Neotropical countries. Plasmodium DNA was not detected in any of the mosquitoes tested. This report builds upon recent records of the distribution and diversity of Anopheles species in malaria-endemic and non-endemic areas of Honduras. New COI sequences are reported for three anopheline species. This is also the first report of COI sequences of An. albimanus collected on the island of Roatán with apparent gene flow relative to mainland populations.

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“…benarrochi B in malaria-endemic regions was expanded to include Madre de Dios Department in Southern Peru, 93 Andoas District in the Datem del Maranon Province in Northern Peru, and the Amazonian Provinces of Orellana and Morona Santiago in Ecuador. 94 This is an important finding because this species is a secondary vector throughout most of its distribution. 94 – 96 …”

Section: Vector Biologymentioning

confidence: 93%

“… 94 This is an important finding because this species is a secondary vector throughout most of its distribution. 94 – 96 …”

Section: Vector Biologymentioning

confidence: 93%

Malaria Resilience in South America: Epidemiology, Vector Biology, and Immunology Insights from the Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Network in Peru and Brazil

Torres

Ferreira

Castro

et al. 2022

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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ABSTRACT. The 1990s saw the rapid reemergence of malaria in Amazonia, where it remains an important public health priority in South America. The Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was designed to take a multidisciplinary approach toward identifying novel malaria control and elimination strategies. Based on geographically and epidemiologically distinct sites in the Northeastern Peruvian and Western Brazilian Amazon regions, synergistic projects integrate malaria epidemiology, vector biology, and immunology. The Amazonian ICEMR’s overarching goal is to understand how human behavior and other sociodemographic features of human reservoirs of transmission—predominantly asymptomatically parasitemic people—interact with the major Amazonian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus (formerly Anopheles) darlingi, and with human immune responses to maintain malaria resilience and continued endemicity in a hypoendemic setting. Here, we will review Amazonian ICEMR’s achievements on the synergies among malaria epidemiology, Plasmodium-vector interactions, and immune response, and how those provide a roadmap for further research, and, most importantly, point toward how to achieve malaria control and elimination in the Americas.

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New Records of Anopheles benarrochi B (Diptera: Culicidae) in Malaria Hotspots in the Amazon Regions of Ecuador and Peru

Cited by 7 publications

References 38 publications

Natural Plasmodium infection of Anopheles benarrochi B (Diptera: Culicidae) in native communities of the Province of Condorcanqui, Amazonas-Peru

Natural Plasmodium infection of Anopheles benarrochi B (Diptera: Culicidae) in native communities of the Province of Condorcanqui, Amazonas-Peru

A Follow-Up to the Geographical Distribution of Anopheles Species in Malaria-Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Honduras

Malaria Resilience in South America: Epidemiology, Vector Biology, and Immunology Insights from the Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Network in Peru and Brazil

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