New psychoactive substances (NPS) prevalence over LSD in blotter seized in State of Santa Catarina, Brazil: A six-year retrospective study

Boff, Bruna de Souza; Filho, Jair Silveira; Nonemacher, Karina; Schroeder, Samilla Driessen; Arbo, Marcelo Dutra; Rezin, Kéttulin Zomer

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110002

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In the state of Minas Gerais, the main seized synthetic drugs from 2008 to 2017 were amphetamines (mainly MDMA), cathinones, and phenethylamines [5]. The analysis of more than 1 million of blotter papers seized from 2011 to 2017 in the state of Santa Catarina showed phenethylamines and synthetic cannabinoids, in addition to LSD, amphetamines, and opioids [4]. Four compounds of the N-benzylphenethylamine class (25R-NBOMe) were included in the present study, in addition to four 25R-NBOHs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Four compounds of the N-benzylphenethylamine class (25R-NBOMe) were included in the present study, in addition to four 25R-NBOHs. NBOMe compounds have been available since 2010 in the on-line market, resulting in various toxicity and fatal cases [28], and have been detected in seized materials analyzed in Brazil [4,5]. The 25R-NBOH compounds are another emerging drug family in the illicit drug market [29], and are also 25R-NBOMe metabolites [30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2020, the EWS of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) reported that cathinone and synthetic cannabinoids were the main classes of NPS detected in seized material, accounting for 36% and 28% of the total number of seizures, respectively [3]. In Brazil, data on NPS are scarce, but include seizure data [4,5] and some postmortem cases [6]. Furthermore, prescription drugs are among the major causes of fatal poisonings in the world, and their concomitant use with illegal drugs is common [7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of new psychoactive substances and other drugs in postmortem blood and urine by UHPLC–MS/MS: method validation and analysis of forensic samples

Júnior

Caldas

2021

Forensic Toxicol

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Purpose This study aimed to validate a modified QuEChERS method followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine 79 new psychoactive substances (NPS) and other drugs in blood and urine. Methods Prescription drugs (n = 23), synthetic cathinones (n = 13), phenethylamines (n = 11); synthetic cannabinoids (n = 8), amphetamines (n = 7) and other psychoactive substances (n = 17) were included in the method. 500 µL of biological fluid was extracted with 2 mL of water/ACN (1:1), 500 mg of anhydrous MgSO 4 /NaOAc (4:1) added, followed by a supernatant cleanup with 25 mg of primary secondary amine and 75 mg of anhydrous MgSO 4 . Quantification was done using matrixmatched calibration curves and deuterated internal standards. ResultsThe method was satisfactorily validated for blood and urine at limit of quantifications ranging from 0.4 to 16 ng/ mL, and applied to the analysis of 54 blood (38 postmortem and 16 antemortem) and 16 antemortem urine samples from 68 forensic cases. All urine samples and 59.3% of the blood samples were positive for at least one analyte. Twenty-two analytes were detected in at least one biological sample, including the synthetic cathinones ethylone (222 ng/mL, antemortem blood), eutylone (246 and 446 ng/mL, urine), and N-ethylpentylone (597 and 7.3 ng/mL, postmortem and antemortem blood, respectively). Conclusions The validated method was shown to be suitable for the analysis of blood and urine forensic samples and an important tool to collect information on emerging drug threats and understanding the impact of NPS and other drugs in poisoning cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of new psychoactive substances and other drugs in postmortem blood and urine by UHPLC–MS/MS: method validation and analysis of forensic samples

Júnior

Caldas

2021

Forensic Toxicol

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“…Both works, however, corroborated that the customer in most cases received the product they ordered, 20,22 which contrasts with the analyses of LSD samples purchased in ordinary stores, which often contained substances from the group of NBOMe or other psychoactive phenethylamines. 23,24 Moreover, seized LSD blotters during 2011-2017 in Brazil showed that while the samples seized in 2011 always contained the declared substance, the samples seized in 2017 contained in more than 50% of the cases substances from the NBOMe group, or, more alarmingly, fentanyls in more than in 12% of all cases. 24 Conversely, the I-TREND project data indicate that less than 20% of NPS orders from online clearnet shops in Europe were mislabeled, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23,24 Moreover, seized LSD blotters during 2011-2017 in Brazil showed that while the samples seized in 2011 always contained the declared substance, the samples seized in 2017 contained in more than 50% of the cases substances from the NBOMe group, or, more alarmingly, fentanyls in more than in 12% of all cases. 24 Conversely, the I-TREND project data indicate that less than 20% of NPS orders from online clearnet shops in Europe were mislabeled, i.e. the received substance did not match the order.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New psychoactive substances on dark web markets: From deal solicitation to forensic analysis of purchased substances

Jurásek

Čmelo

Svoboda

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The dark web scene has been drawing the attention of law enforcement agencies and researchers alike. To date, most of the published works on the dark web are based on data gained by passive observation. To gain a more contextualized perspective, a study was conducted in which three vendors were selected on the "Dream Market" dark web marketplace, from whom subsequently several new psychoactive substances (NPS) were ordered. All transactions were documented from the initial drug deal solicitation to the final qualitative analysis of all received samples. From the selected vendors, a total of nine NPS samples was obtained, all of which were analyzed by NMR, HRMS, LC-UV, and two also by x-ray diffraction. According to our analyses, four of the five substances offered under already known NPS names contained a different NPS. The selected vendors therefore either did not know about their product, or deliberately deceived the buyers. Furthermore, two of three obtained samples of purportedly novel NPS were identified as already documented substances sold under a different name. However, the third characterized substance sold as "MPF-47700" was a novel, yet uncharacterized, NPS. Finally, we received a single undeclared substance, later identified as 5F-ADB. In addition to chemical analysis of the nine obtained NPS samples, the methodology used also yielded contextual information about the accessibility of NPS on the dark web, the associated purchase process, and the modus operandi of three NPS vendors. Direct participation in dark web marketplaces seems to provide additional layers of information useful for forensic studies.

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Identification of synthetic cathinones in seized materials: A review of analytical strategies applied in forensic chemistry

Campos

Krotulski

Martinis

et al. 2022

WIREs Forensic Science

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Synthetic cathinones are a class of novel psychoactive substances, commonly tested in seized materials by forensic chemistry laboratories. These drugs have been found in different types of seized materials including powders, tablets, liquids, herbs, and blotters. A comprehensive review of the literature shows that the analyses of synthetic cathinones have been performed by a diverse repertoire of techniques, from more traditional to emerging methods. Techniques commonly used in the analysis of "traditional" illicit drugs, such as color and microcrystalline tests, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared (IR), and Raman spectroscopies, have been used for screening and/or confirmatory purposes, depending on the technique and laboratories preference. However, other emerging techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, high-resolution MS, direct analysis in real-time MS, gas chromatography with IR detection, and so on, have been drawing the attention of forensic scientists due to the advantages of these techniques in providing important structural data. It is important to consider that each technique presents analytical benefits and limitations, which should be considered when analyzing synthetic cathinones in seized materials. Furthermore, the combination of more than one analytical technique is always recommended, especially when an unknown synthetic cathinone is suspected and/or encountered in the sample.

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New psychoactive substances (NPS) prevalence over LSD in blotter seized in State of Santa Catarina, Brazil: A six-year retrospective study

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Determination of new psychoactive substances and other drugs in postmortem blood and urine by UHPLC–MS/MS: method validation and analysis of forensic samples

Determination of new psychoactive substances and other drugs in postmortem blood and urine by UHPLC–MS/MS: method validation and analysis of forensic samples

New psychoactive substances on dark web markets: From deal solicitation to forensic analysis of purchased substances

Identification of synthetic cathinones in seized materials: A review of analytical strategies applied in forensic chemistry

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