New portable smartphone-based PDMS microfluidic kit for the simultaneous colorimetric detection of arsenic and mercury

Motalebizadeh, Abbas; Bagheri, Hasan; Asiaei, Sasan; Fekrat, Nasim; Afkhami, Abbas

doi:10.1039/c8ra04006k

Cited by 48 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The linear range for mercury and arsenic was between 710 to 1278 µg L −1 . The LOD for mercury and arsenic was 10.77 to 53.86 µg L −1 , respectively [133].…”

Section: Surface Plasmon Resonancementioning

confidence: 97%

A Review of Microfluidic Detection Strategies for Heavy Metals in Water

Lace

Cleary

2021

Chemosensors

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Heavy metal pollution of water has become a global issue and is especially problematic in some developing countries. Heavy metals are toxic to living organisms, even at very low concentrations. Therefore, effective and reliable heavy metal detection in environmental water is very important. Current laboratory-based methods used for analysis of heavy metals in water require sophisticated instrumentation and highly trained technicians, making them unsuitable for routine heavy metal monitoring in the environment. Consequently, there is a growing demand for autonomous detection systems that could perform in situ or point-of-use measurements. Microfluidic detection systems, which are defined by their small size, have many characteristics that make them suitable for environmental analysis. Some of these advantages include portability, high sample throughput, reduced reagent consumption and waste generation, and reduced production cost. This review focusses on developments in the application of microfluidic detection systems to heavy metal detection in water. Microfluidic detection strategies based on optical techniques, electrochemical techniques, and quartz crystal microbalance are discussed.

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“…The linear range for mercury and arsenic was between 710 to 1278 µg L −1 . The LOD for mercury and arsenic was 10.77 to 53.86 µg L −1 , respectively [133].…”

Section: Surface Plasmon Resonancementioning

confidence: 97%

A Review of Microfluidic Detection Strategies for Heavy Metals in Water

Lace

Cleary

2021

Chemosensors

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“…There are already non-plasma-based competing technologies in the field that are capable of quantifying metals and making other physiological and clinical measurements directly and in real-time. Some of which include electrochemical methods such as the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) [ 99 ] routinely used for blood lead (PbB) measurement, x-ray fluorimeters (XRF) and laser induced breakdown spectrometers (LIBS) for measuring higher concentration metals in solid samples, ion selective electrodes for various metals in solution, and colorimetric methods using premade reagent kits [ 100 ].…”

Section: Competing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

Buckley

Doherty

2021

Molecules

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Many of the current innovations in instrument design have been focused on making them smaller, more rugged, and eventually field transportable. The ultimate application is obvious, carrying the instrument to the field for real time sample analysis without the need for a support laboratory. Real time data are priceless when screening either biological or environmental samples, as mitigation strategies can be initiated immediately upon the discovery that contaminant metals are present in a location they were not intended to be. Additionally, smaller “handheld” instruments generally require less sample for analysis, possibly increasing sensitivity, another advantage to instrument miniaturization. While many other instruments can be made smaller just by using available micro-technologies (e.g., eNose), shrinking an ICP-MS or AES to something someone might carry in a backpack or pocket is now closer to reality than in the past, and can be traced to its origins based on a component-by-component evaluation. While the optical and mass spectrometers continue to shrink in size, the ion/excitation source remains a challenge as a tradeoff exists between excitation capabilities and the power requirements for the plasma’s generation. Other supporting elements have only recently become small enough for transport. A systematic review of both where the plasma spectrometer started and the evolution of technologies currently available may provide the roadmap necessary to miniaturize the spectrometer. We identify criteria on a component-by-component basis that need to be addressed in designing a miniaturized device and recognize components (e.g., source) that probably require further optimization. For example, the excitation/ionization source must be energetic enough to take a metal from a solid state to its ionic state. Previously, a plasma required a radio frequency generator or high-power DC source, but excitation can now be accomplished with non-thermal (cold) plasma sources. Sample introduction, for solids, liquids, and gasses, presents challenges for all sources in a field instrument. Next, the interface between source and a mass detector usually requires pressure reduction techniques to get an ion from plasma to the spectrometer. Currently, plasma mass spectrometers are field ready but not necessarily handheld. Optical emission spectrometers are already capable of getting photons to the detector but could eventually be connected to your phone. Inert plasma gas generation is close to field ready if nitrogen generators can be miniaturized. Many of these components are already commercially available or at least have been reported in the literature. Comparisons to other “handheld” elemental analysis devices that employ XRF, LIBS, and electrochemical methods (and their limitations) demonstrate that a “cold” plasma-based spectrometer can be more than competitive. Migrating the cold plasma from an emission only source to a mass spectrometer source, would allow both analyte identification and potentially source apportionment through isotopic fingerprinting, and may be the last major hurdle to overcome. Finally, we offer a possible design to aid in making the cold plasma source more applicable to a field deployment.

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“…Reported application has been tested to multiple heavy metals contamination in water such as mercury, copper, and lead (Xiao, et al 2020). Another similar kind of smartphone-based PDMS microfluidic kit has been reported to detect mercury and arsenic contamination presence in water samples (Motalebizadeh, et al 2018). Further capability of smartphone to detect change in color has been exploited to measure mercury contamination in water by integrating smartphone-based application with fabricated paper-based colorimetric sensor (Firdaus, et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-portable, smartphone-based spectrometer for heavy metal concentration measurement in drinking water samples

Srivastava

Sharma

2021

Appl Water Sci

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Heavy metals are very toxic and hazardous for human health. Onsite screening of heavy metal contaminated samples along with location-based automation data collection is a tedious job. Traditionally high-end equipment’s such as gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC–MS) and atomic absorption spectrometers have been used to measure the concentration of different heavy metals in water samples but most of them are costly, bulky, and time consuming, and requires expert human intervention. This manuscript reports an ultra-portable, rapid, cost-effective, and easy-to-use solution for onsite heavy metal concentration measurement in drinking water samples. Presented solution combines off-the-shelf available chemical kits for heavy metal detection and developed spectrometer-based readout for concentration prediction, quality judgment, and automatic data collection. Two chemical kits for copper and iron detection have been imported form Merck and have been used for overall training and testing. The developed spectrometer has capability to work with smartphone-based android app and also can work in standalone mode. The developed spectrometer uses white light-emitting diode as a source and commercially imported spectral sensor (AS7262) for visible radiation reception. A low-power sub-GHZ-based wireless embedded platform has been developed and interfaced with source and detector. A power management module also has been designed to monitor the battery status and also to generate low battery indication. Overall modules has been packaged in custom designed enclosure to avoid external light interference. The developed system has been trained using standard buffer samples with known heavy metal concentrations and further tested for water samples collected from institute colony and nearby villages. The obtained results have been validated with commercially imported system from HANNA instruments, and it has been observed that developed system has shown excellent accuracy to predict heavy metal concentration (tested for Fe and Cu) in water samples.

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New portable smartphone-based PDMS microfluidic kit for the simultaneous colorimetric detection of arsenic and mercury

Abstract: A smartphone-based microfluidic platform was developed for point-of-care (POC) detection using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of gold nanoparticles (GNPs).

Cited by 48 publications

References 53 publications

A Review of Microfluidic Detection Strategies for Heavy Metals in Water

A Review of Microfluidic Detection Strategies for Heavy Metals in Water

Moving toward a Handheld “Plasma” Spectrometer for Elemental Analysis, Putting the Power of the Atom (Ion) in the Palm of Your Hand

Ultra-portable, smartphone-based spectrometer for heavy metal concentration measurement in drinking water samples

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